Regular ArticleIn Vivo Assessment of Human Visual System Connectivity with Transcranial Electrical Stimulation during Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Vision modulation, plasticity and restoration using non-invasive brain stimulation – An IFCN-sponsored review
2020, Clinical NeurophysiologyCitation Excerpt :This has been mostly studied in the motor system, where modulation of motor cortex excitability was inferred from changes in motor evoked potentials (MEP) (e.g. Pascual-Leone et al., 1994; Chen et al., 1997; see Maeda et al, 2000 for an early account of outcome variability). In the visual system, changes in visual cortex excitability were inferred from the occurrence of TMS-induced phosphenes, which are perceptions of simple dots or lines induced by direct visual cortex stimulation (e.g. Boroojerdi et al., 2000; Fierro et al., 2005; Brandt et al., 2001; see Caparelli et al., 2012 for outcome variability), and from studies of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) (for studies in humans, see Fumal et al., 2003; Schutter and van Honk, 2003; Bocci et al., 2011; for animal studies see Aydin-Abidin et al., 2006). These studies suggest that repetitive TMS (rTMS) induces not only prolonged motor but also visual cortex after-effects with perceptual co-modulation, when the relevant areas in the occipital cortex are stimulated.
Consensus paper: Combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging
2009, Brain StimulationCitation Excerpt :Because radiation exposure is far less problematic in animals, serial PET measurements in animals are very useful to assess long-term effects of TMS on brain activity. In anesthetized monkeys, Hayashi et al106 performed four 18FDG-PET measurements before, during, as well as 8 and 16 days after 2000 stimuli of 5-Hz rTMS were applied over the right precentral gyrus. They found that the rTMS decreased rCMRglc in motor/premotor cortices, whereas rCMRglc in the anterior/posterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices was enhanced.
Transcranial cortex stimulation and fMRI: Electrophysiological correlates of dual-pulse BOLD signal modulation
2008, NeuroImageCitation Excerpt :In all subjects the analysis of statistical maps for the single-pulse- as well as the IHI condition revealed a similar pattern of local and distant BOLD responses, which can be attributed to a network of functionally associated sensorimotor areas: more specifically, the single-pulse- and the IHI condition induced BOLD responses in ipsilateral and contralateral M1, bilateral premotor areas (M2), supplementary motor cortex (SMA) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). These results are compatible with previous reports of combined transcranial cortex stimulation (TES or TMS) and simultaneous functional imaging (fMRI or PET): transcranial cortex stimulation always induced a pattern of local (e.g. FEF, V3a or M1) and distant activations in functionally and anatomically connected areas (e.g. Paus et al., 1997; Brandt et al., 2001; Strafella and Paus, 2001; Bestmann et al., 2004), demonstrating for example specific visuomotor or sensorimotor networks. Whether neuronal inhibition is reflected in an increased or decreased BOLD response was analyzed by using IHI as a model for cortical inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms in combination with simultaneous fMRI.
Visual cortex: Evolution of maps and mapping
2007, Evolution of Nervous Systems