Abstract
A plethora of enhancements are available to be used together with the αβ search algorithm. There are so many, that their selection and implementation is a non-trivial task, even for the expert. Every domain has its specifics which affect the search tree Even seemingly minute changes to an evaluation function can have an impact on the characteristics of a search tree. In turn, different tree characteristics must be addressed by selecting different enhancements. This paper introduces Pilot, a system for automatically selecting enhancements for αβ search. Pilot generates its own test data and then uses a greedy search to explore the space of possible enhancements. Experiments with multiple domains show differing enhancement selections. Tournament results are presented for two games to demonstrate that automatically generated αβ search performs at least on a par with what is achievable by hand-crafted search engines, but with orders of magnitude less effort in its creation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akl, A.G., Newborn, M.M.: The Principle Continuation and the Killer Heuristic. In: ACM Annual Conference, pp. 466–473 (1977)
Björnsson, Y.: Selective Depth-First Game-Tree Search. PhD thesis, University of Alberta (2002)
Buro, M.: Rules of Ataxx (2004), http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~mburo/ggsa/ax.rules
Buro, M.: Generic Game Server (2005), http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~mburo/
Buro, M.: ProbCut: An Effective Selective Extension of the αβ Algorithm. ICCA Journal 18(2), 71–76 (1995)
Cook, D.J., Varnell, R.C.: Adaptive Parallel Iterative Deepening Search. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 9, 167–194 (1999)
Fürnkranz, J.: Machine Learning in Games: A Survey. In: Fürnkranz, J., Kubat, M. (eds.) Machines that Learn to Play Games, ch. 2, pp. 11–59. Nova Science Publishers, Huntington (2001)
Hlynka, M., Schaeffer, J.: Pre-Searching. ICGA Journal 27(4), 203–208 (2004)
Hoffman, P.: Archimedes’ Revenge: The Joys and Perils of Mathematics. W. W. Norton & Company (May 1988)
Knuth, D.E., Moore, R.: An analysis of Alpha-Beta Pruning. Artificial Intelligence 6(4), 293–326 (1975)
Plaat, A.: Research Re: Search & Re-search. PhD thesis, Erasmus University, Rotterdam (June 1996)
Romein, J.W., Bal, H.E.: Solving Awari with Parallel Retrograde Analysis. IEEE Computer 36(10), 26–33 (2003)
Schaeffer, J.: The History Heuristic and Alpha-Beta Search Enhancements in Practice. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-11(11), 1203–1212 (1989)
Schaeffer, J.: One Jump Ahead. Springer, New York (1997)
Schaeffer, J.: A Gamut of Games. AI Magazine 22(3), 29–46 (2001)
Schaeffer, J., Hlynka, M., Jussila, V.: Temporal Difference Learning Applied to a High Performance Game. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2001), pp. 529–534 (2001)
Schaeffer, J., Plaat, A.: New Advances in Alpha-Beta Searching. In: ACM Computer Science Conference, pp. 124–130 (1996)
Schaeffer, J., Plaat, A., Junghanns, A.: Unifying Single-Agent and Two-Player Search. Information Sciences 135(3-4), 151–175 (2001)
Zillions Development Corporation. Zillions of Games – Unlimited Board Games & Puzzles (1998–2005), http://www.zillionsofgames.com/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Hlynka, M., Schaeffer, J. (2006). Automatic Generation of Search Engines. In: van den Herik, H.J., Hsu, SC., Hsu, Ts., Donkers, H.H.L.M.(. (eds) Advances in Computer Games. ACG 2005. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4250. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/11922155_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/11922155_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-48887-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-48889-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)