Abstract
The Event Calculus is a narrative based formalism for reasoning about actions and change originally proposed in logic programming form by Kowalski and Sergot. In this paper we summarise how variants of the Event Calculus may be expressed as classical logic axiomatisations, and how under certain circumstances these theories may be reformulated as “action description language” domain descriptions using the Language ε. This enables the classical logic Event Calculus to inherit various provably correct automated reasoning procedures recently developed for ε.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
A. Baker, Nonmonotonic Reasoning in the Framework of the Situation Calculus, Artificial Intelligence, Vol 49(5–23), 1991.
I. Cervesato, L. Chittaro and A. Montanari, A Modal Calculus of Partially Ordered Events in a Logic Programming Framework, in Proceedings ICLP’95, MIT Press, pages 299–313, 1995.
I. Cervesato, L. Chittaro and A. Montanari, A General Modal Framework for the Event Calculus and its Skeptical and Credulous Variants, in in W. Wahlster, editor, Proceedings of the Twelfth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI’96), pp. 33–37, John Wiley and Sons, 1996.
I. Cervesato, M. Franceschet and A. Montanari, A Hierarchy of Modal Event Calculi: Expressiveness and Complexity, in H. Barringer et al, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Temporal Logic (ICTL’97, pp. 1–17, Kluwer Applied Logic Series, 1997.
I. Cervesato, M. Franceschet and A. Montanari, Modal Event Calculi with Preconditions, in R. Morris and L. Khatib, Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Temporal Reasoning (TIME’97), pp. 38–45, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997.
I. Cervesato, M. Franceschet and A. Montanari, The Complexity of Model Checking in Modal Event Calculi with Quantifiers, Journal of Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, Linköping University Electronic Press, http://www.ida.liu.se/ext/etai/, 1998.
L. Chittaro, A. Montanari and A. Provetti, Skeptical and Credulous Event Calculi for Supporting Modal Queries, in A. Cohn, Proceedings of the Eleventh European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI’94), pp. 361–365, John Wiley and Sons, 1994.
N. Chleq, Constrained Resolution and Abductive Temporal Reasoning, Computational Intelligence, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 383–406, 1996.
J. M. Crawford and D. W. Etherington, Formalizing Reasoning about Change: A Qualitative Reasoning Approach, Proceedings AAAI’92, pp. 577–583, 1992.
J. Davila, Reactive Pascal and the Event Calculus, Proceedings FAPR’96 Workshop on Reasoning about Actions and Planning in Complex Environments, eds. U. Siegmund and M. Thielscher, vol. 11of Technical Report AIDA, 1996.
M. Denecker, L. Missiaen and M. Bruynooghe, Temporal Reasoning with Abductive Event Calculus, in Proceedings ECAI 92, Vienna, 1992.
M. Denecker, K. Van Belleghem, G. Duchatelet, F. Piessens and D. De Schreye A Realistic Experiment in Knowledge Representation in Open Event Calculus: Protocol Specification, in Proceedings of the Joint International Conference and Symposium on Logic Programming, 1996.
M. Denecker, D. Theseider Dupré, and K. Van Belleghem, An Inductive Definition Approach to Ramifications, in Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, vol 2, 1998.
P. Doherty, Reasoning about Action and Change Using Occlusion, Proceedings ECAI’94, pp. 401–405, 1994.
K. Eshghi, Abductive Planning with Event Calculus, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference and Symposium on Logic Programming, ed.s Robert Kowalski and Kenneth Bowen, MIT Press, pp. 562–579, 1988.
M. Gelfond and V. Lifschitz, Representing Actions in Extended Logic Programming, JICSLP’92, ed. Krzysztof Apt, 560, MIT Press, 1992.
M. Gelfond and V. Lifschitz, Representing Action and Change by Logic Programs, JLP, 17(2,3,4) 301–322, 1993.
R. C. Jeffrey, Formal Logic: Its Scope and Limits, McGraw-Hill, 1967.
C. G. Jung, K. Fischer and A. Burt, Multi-Agent Planning Using an Abductive Event Calculus, DFKI Report RR-96-04 (1996), DFKI, Germany, 1996.
C. G. Jung, Situated Abstraction Planning by Abductive Temporal Reasoning, Proceedings ECAI’98, pp. 383–387, 1998.
A. Kakas and R. Miller, A Simple Declarative Language for Describing Narratives with Actions, JLP 31(1–3) (Special Issue on Reasoning about Action and Change) 157–200, 1997.
A. Kakas and R. Miller, Reasoning about Actions, Narratives and Ramifications, Journal of Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 1(4), Linköping University Electronic Press, http://www.ida.liu.se/ext/etai/, 1998.
A. Kakas, R. Miller and F. Toni, An Argumentation Framework for Reasoning about Actions and Change, Proceedings of LPNMR’99, 1999.
A. Kakas, R. Miller and F. Toni, E-RES-A System for Reasoning about Actions, Events and Observations, Proceedings of NMR 2000, Special Session on System Demonstrations and Descriptions, http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cs.AI/0003034, 2000.
A. Kakas, R. Miller and F. Toni, Planning with Incomplete Information, Proceedings of NMR 2000, Special Session on Representing Actions and Planning, http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/cs.AI/0003049~L, 2000.
A. Kakas, R. Miller and F. Toni, E-RES-Reasoning about Actions, Events and Observations, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning (LPNMR’2001), September 17–19, 2001, Vienna, Austria, ed. T. Eiter, M. Truszczynski and W. Faber, pub. Springer-Verlag (LNCS/LNAI series), 2001.
G. N. Kartha, Soundness and Completeness Theorems for Three Formalizations of Action, Proceedings IJCAI’93, page 724, 1993.
G. N. Kartha and V. Lifschitz, A Simple Formalization of Actions Using Circumscription, Proceedings IJCAI’95, pp. 1970–1975, 1995.
R. A. Kowalski, Database Updates in the Event Calculus, Journal of Logic Programming, vol. 12, pp. 121–146, 1992.
R. A. Kowalski, Legislation as Logic Programs, Informatics and the Foundations of Legal Reasoning, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ed.s Z. Bankowski et al., pp. 325–356, 1995.
R. A. Kowalski and F. Sadri, The Situation Calculus and Event Calculus Compared, in Proceedings of the International Logic Programming Symposium (ILPS’94), 1994.
R. A. Kowalski and F. Sadri, Reconciling the Event Calculus with the Situation Calculus, Journal of Logic Programming, Special Issue on Reasoning about Action and Change, vol. 31, pp. 39–58, 1997.
R. A. Kowalski and M. J. Sergot, A Logic-Based Calculus of Events, New Generation Computing, vol. 4, pp. 67–95, 1986.
B. Kuipers, Qualitative Reasoning: Modeling and Simulation with Incomplete Knowledge, MIT Press, 1994.
F. Lévy and Joachim Quantz, Representing Beliefs in a Situated Event Calculus, Proceedings ECAI’98, pp. 547–551, 1998.
H. Levesque, What is Planning in the Presence of Sensing?, in Proceedings of AAAI’96, 1996.
V. Lifschitz, Circumscription, in The Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming, Volume 3: Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Uncertain Reasoning, ed. D. M. Gabbay, C.J. Hogger and J. A. Robinson, Oxford University Press, pp. 297–352, 1994.
J. Lobo, G. Mendez and S. Taylor, Adding Knowledge to the Action Description Language A, in Proceedings of AAAI’97, 1997.
J. McCarthy, Circumscription N A Form of Non-Monotonic Reasoning, Artificial Intelligence, vol. 13, pp. 27–39, 1980.
J. McCarthy and P. J. Hayes, Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence, in Machine Intelligence 4, ed. D. Michie and B. Meltzer, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 463–502, 1969.
R. Miller, Situation Calculus Specifications for Event Calculus Logic Programs, in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Logic Programming and Non-monotonic Reasoning, Lexington, KY, USA, Springer Verlag, 1995.
R. S. Miller and M. P. Shanahan, Reasoning about Discontinuities in the Event Calculus, Proceedings 1996 Knowledge Representation Conference (KR’96), pp. 63–74, 1996.
R. S. Miller and M. P. Shanahan, The Event Calculus in Classical Logic-Alternative Axiomatisations, Journal of Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 3 (1999), Section A, pages 77–105, http://www.ep.liu.se/ej/etai/1999/016/, 1999.
L. R. Missiaen, Localized Abductive Planning for Robot Assembly, Proceedings 1991 IEEE Conference on Robotics and Automation, pub. IEEE Robotics and Automation Society, pages 605–610, 1991.
L. R. Missiaen, M. Denecker and M. Bruynooghe, An Abductive Planning System Based on Event Calculus, Journal of Logic and Computation, volume 5, number 5, pages 579–602, 1995.
R. C. Moore, A Formal Theory of Knowledge and Action, In Hobbs and Moore, ed.s, Formal Theories of the Commonsense World, Ablex, Norwood, USA, 1985.
L. Morgenstern, Knowledge Preconditions for Actions and Plans, in Proceedings of the International Joint Conference in Artificial Intelligence 1987 (IJCAI’97), Morgan Kaufmann, 1987.
J. Pinto and R. Reiter, Temporal Reasoning in Logic Programming: A Case for the Situation Calculus, Proceedings ICLP 93, page 203, 1993.
A. Provetti, Hypothetical Reasoning about Actions: From Situation Calculus to Event Calculus, Computational Intelligence, volume 12, number 2, 1995.
R. Reiter, The Frame Problem in the Situation Calculus: A Simple Solution (Sometimes) and a Completeness Result for Goal Regression, in Artificial Intelligence and Mathematical Theory of Computation: Papers in Honor of John McCarthy, ed. V. Lifschitz, Academic Press, pp. 359–380, 1991.
R. Reiter, Natural actions, concurrency and continuous time in the situation calculus, in Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference (KR’96), Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A, November 5–8, 1996.
A. Russo, R. Miller, B. Nuseibeh and J. Kramer, An Abductive Approach for Handling Inconsistencies in SCR Specifications, in proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Intelligent Software Engineering (WISE3), Limerick, Ireland, June, 2000.
F. Sadri and R. Kowalski, Variants of the Event Calculus, Proceedings of the International Conference on Logic Programming, Kanagawa, Japan, Stirling L. (Ed), The MIT Press, pp. 67–81, 1995.
E. Sandewall, Combining Logic and Differential Equations for Describing Real World Systems, Proceedings KR’89, Morgan Kaufman, 1989.
E. Sandewall, Filter Preferential Entailment for the Logic of Action in Almost Continuous Worlds, Proceedings IJCAI’89, pages 894–899, 1989.
E. Sandewall, The Representation of Knowledge about Dynamical Systems, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 1994.
R. Scherl and H. Levesque, The Frame Problem and Knowledge-Producing Actions, in Proceedings of AAAI’93, 1993.
M. P. Shanahan, Representing Continuous Change in the Event Calculus, Proceedings ECAI’90, pp. 598–603, 1990.
M. P. Shanahan, A Circumscriptive Calculus of Events, Artificial Intelligence, vol 77 (1995), pages 249–284, 1995.
M. P. Shanahan, Robotics and the Common Sense Informatic Situation, Proceedings ECAI’96, pp. 684–688, 1996.
M. P. Shanahan, Noise and the Common Sense Informatic Situation for a Mobile Robot, Proceedings AAAI’96, pp. 1098–1103, 1996.
M. P. Shanahan, Solving the Frame Problem: A Mathematical Investigation of the Common Sense Law of Inertia, MIT Press, 1997.
M. P. Shanahan, Event Calculus Planning Revisited, Proceedings 4th European Conference on Planning (ECP’97), Springer Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence no. 1348, pp. 390–402, 1997.
M. P. Shanahan, Noise, Non-Determinism and Spatial Uncertainty, Proceedings AAAI’97, pp. 153–158, 1997.
M. P. Shanahan, Reinventing Shakey, Working Notes of the 1998 AAAI Fall Symposium on Cognitive Robotics, pp. 125–135, 1998.
M. P. Shanahan, The Ramification Problem in the Event Calculus, Proceedings IJCAI’99, 1999.
M. P. Shanahan, A Logical Account of the Common Sense Informatic Situation for a Mobile Robot, Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, 1999.
M. P. Shanahan, The Event Calculus Explained, in Artificial Intelligence Today, eds. M. J. Wooldridge and M. Veloso, Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence no. 1600, Springer-Verlag, pages 409–430, 1999.
E. Ternovskaia, Inductive Definability and the Situation Calculus, in “Transactions and Change in Logic Databases”, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 1472, Ed. Freitag B., Decker H., Kifer M. (Eds.), pub. Springer Verlag, 1997.
E. Ternovskaia, Causality via Inductive Definitions, in Working Notes of “Prospects for a Commonsense Theory of Causation”, pages 94–100, AAAI Spring Symposium Series, March 23–28, 1998.
K. Van Belleghem, M. Denecker and D. De Schreye, Representing Continuous Change in the Abductive Event Calculus, in Proceedings 1994 International Conference on Logic Programming, ed. P. Van Hentenrijck, pages 225–240, 1994.
K. Van Belleghem, M. Denecker and D. De Schreye, The Abductive Event Calculus as a General Framework for Temporal Databases, Proceedings of the International Conference on Temporal Logic, 1994.
K. Van Belleghem, M. Denecker and D. De Schreye, Combining Situation Calculus and Event Calculus, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Logic Programming, 1995.
K. Van Belleghem, M. Denecker and D. De Schreye, On the Relation Between Situation Calculus and Event Calculus, Journal of Logic Programming, 31(1–3) (Special Issue on Reasoning about Action and Change), 1996.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Miller, R., Shanahan, M. (2002). Some Alternative Formulations of the Event Calculus. In: Kakas, A.C., Sadri, F. (eds) Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 2408. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45632-5_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45632-5_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-43960-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-45632-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive