Abstract
Vision-based control needs fast and robust tracking. The conditions for fast tracking are derived from studying the dynamics of the visual servoing loop. The result indicates how to build the vision system to obtain high dynamic performance of tracking. Maximum tracking velocity is obtained when running image acquisition and processing in parallel and using appropriately sized tracking windows. To achieve the second criteria, robust tracking, a model-based tracking approach is enhanced with a method of Edge Projected Integration of Cues (EPIC). EPIC uses object knowledge to select the correct feature in real-time. The object pose is calculated from the features at every tracking cycle. The components of the tracking system have been implemented in a framework called Vision for Robotics (V4R). V4R has been used within the EU-funded project RobVision to navigate a robot into a ship section using the model data from the CAD-design. The experiments show the performance of tracking in different parts of the ship mock-up.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Asaad, S., Bishay, M., et.al., “A Low-Cost, DSP-Based, Intelligent Vision System for Robotic Applications,” IEEE ICRA, pp. 1656–1661, 1996.
Barreto, J., Peixoto, P., Batista, J., Araujo, H., “Improving 3D Active Visual Tracking,” Int. Conf. on Vision Systems ICVS’99, pp. 412–431, 1999.
Corke, Peter I.: Visual Control of Robots: High Performance Visual Servoing, Research Studies Press (John Wiley), 1996.
Crowley, J.L., Christensen, H.I.: Vision as Process; Springer Verlag, 1995.
Dias, J., Paredes, C., Fonseca, I., Araujo, H., Batista, J., Almeida, A., “Simulating pursuit with machine experiments with robots and artificial vision,” IEEE Trans. RA, Vol. 14(1), pp. 1–18, 1998.
Dickmanns, D.E., “The 4D-Approach to Dynamic Machine Vision,” Conf. on Decision and Control, pp. 3770–3775, 1994.
Espiau, B., Chaumette, F., Rives, P., “A New Approach to visual Servoing in robotics,” IEEE Trans. RA 8, pp. 313–326, 1992.
Fischler, M.A., Bolles, R.C.: Random Sample Consensus: A Paradigm for Model Fitting; Communications of the ACM Vol.24(6), pp.381–395, 1981.
Gangloff, J.A., de Mathelin, M., Abba, G.: 6 DOF High Speed Dynamic Visual Servoing using GPC Controllers; IEEE ICRA, pp.2008–2013, 1998.
Gee, A., Cipolla, R.: Fast Visual Tracking by Temproal Consensus; Image and Vision Processing 14, pp. 105–114, 1996.
Grosso, E., Metta, G., Oddera, A., Sandini, G.: “Robust Visual Servoing in 3D Reaching Tasks,” IEEE Trans. RA Vol.12(5), pp. 732–741, 1996.
Hager, G.D.: A Modular System for Robust Positioning Using Feedback from Stereo Vision; IEEE RA Vol.13(4), pp.582–595, 1997.
Hager, G.D., Toyama, K.: “The XVision-System: A Portable Substrate for Real-Time Vision Applications,” Computer Vision and Image Understanding 69(1), pp. 23–37, 1998.
Heuring, J.J., Murray, D.W., “Visual Head Tracking and Slaving for Visual Telepresence,” IEEE Int. Conf. Robotics & Automation, pp. 2908–2914, 1996.
Horaud, R., Dornaika, F., Espiau, B.: Visually Guided Object Grasping; IEEE RA Vol.14(4), pp.525–532, 1998.
Hu, Y., Eagleson, R., Goodale, M.A.: Human Visual Servoing for Reaching and Grasping: The Role of 3-D Geometric Features; IEEE ICRA, pp.3209–3216, 1999.
Hutchinson, S., Hager, G.D., Corke, P.: “Visual Servoing: A Tutorial,” IEEE Trans. RA Vol.12(5), 1996.
Ishii, I., Nakabo, Y., Ishikawa, M.: “Target Tracking Algorithm for 1ms Visual Feedback System Using Massively Parallel Processing”, IEEE ICRA, pp. 2309–2314, 1996.
Kosaka, A., Nakazawa, G.: Vision-Based Motion Tracking of Rigid Objects Using Prediction of Uncertainties; ICRA, pp.2637–2644, 1995.
Marchand, E., “ViSP: A Software Environment for Eye-in-Hand Visual Servoing,” IEEE ICRA, pp.3224–3229, 1999.
Nayar, S.K., Nene, S.A., Murase H., “Subspace methods for robot vision”, IEEE Robotics and Automation 12(5), 750–758, 1996.
Nelson, B.J., Papanikolopoulos, N.P., Khosla, P.K.: Robotic Visual Servoing and Robotic Assembly Tasks; IEEE RA Magazine, pp. 23–31, 1996.
Pirjanian, P., Christensen, H.I., Fayman, J.A., “Application of voting to fusion of purposive modules: An experimental investigation,” Robotics and Autonomous Systems 23(4), pp.253–266, 1998.
Rizzi, A.A., Koditschek, D.E.: “An Active Visual Estimator for Dexterous Manipulation,” IEEE Trans. RA Vol.12(5), pp. 697–713, 1996.
Y. Shirai, Y. Mae, S. Yamamoto: Object Tracking by Using Optical Flows and Edges; 7th Int. Symp. on Robotics Research, pp. 440–447, 1995.
Tonko, M., Schäfer, K., Heimes, F., Nagel, H.H.: “ Towards Visually Servoed Manipulation of Car Engine Parts,” IEEE ICRA, pp. 3166–3171, 1997.
Toyama, Kentaro; Hager, Gregory D.: Incremental focus of attention for robust vision-based tracking, International Journal of Computer Vision 35(1), Pages 45–63, 1999.
Vincze, M., Weiman, C.: “On Optimising Window Size for Visual Servoing,” IEEE ICRA, pp. 2856–2861, April 22–24, 1997.
Vincze, M., Ayromlou, M., Kubinger, W., “An Integrating Framework for Robust Real-Time 3D Object Tracking,” Int. Conf. on Vision Systems, Gran Canaria, pp. 135–150, 1999.
Vincze, M.: Real-time Vision, Tracking and Control-Dynamics of Visual Servoing; ICRA’ 00 IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, San Francisco, pp. 644–649, April 24–28, 2000.
Wilson, W.J., Williams Hulls, C.C., Bell, G.S.: “Relative End-Effector Control Using Cartesian Position Based Visual Servoing,” IEEE Trans. RA 12(5), pp. 684–696, 1996.
Wren, C.R., Azarbayejani, A., Darrell, T., Pentland, A.P.: Pfinder: Real-Time Tracking of the Human Body; IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Vol.19(7), pp.780–785, 1997.
Wunsch, P., Hirzinger, G.: “ Real-Time Visual Tracking of 3D-Objects with Dynamic Handling of Occlusion,” IEEE ICRA, 1997.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Vincze, M., Ayromlou, M., Chroust, S., Zillich, M., Ponweiser, W., Legenstein, D. (2002). Dynamic Aspects of Visual Servoing and a Framework for Real-Time 3D Vision for Robotics. In: Hager, G.D., Christensen, H.I., Bunke, H., Klein, R. (eds) Sensor Based Intelligent Robots. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2238. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45993-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45993-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-43399-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-45993-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive