Abstract
In this century, the dominant approach in logic to the study of argument has been formal. An argument has been understood as discourse that displays a certain form. The systematic study of such forms is undertaken by formal, deductive logic (hereafter: FDL). In the last 25 years, logicians have been pursuing alternative approaches to argument. One such approach has been characterized as informal rather than formal. Closely related is an approach that has been characterized as pragmatic rather than syntactic or semantic. The purpose of this research paper is to show how these alternative approaches can shed light on the basic question: How are we to understand (and represent) arguments?
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, Alan Ross and Nuel D. Belnap,Jr. 1975. Entailment: the logic of relevance and necessity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Barth, E. M. 1987. Logic to some purpose: theses against the deductive-nomological paradigm in the science of logic. In van Eemeren and Grootendorst (1987).
Barth, E. M. and E. C. W. Krabbe. 1982. From axiom to dialogue. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Blair, J. Anthony and Ralph H. Johnson, eds. 1980. Informal logic: The first international symposium. Inverness, CA: Edgepress.
Blair, J. Anthony and Ralph H. Johnson. 1987. Argumentation as dialectical. Argumentation 1, 41–56.
Blair, J. Anthony. 1995. Premiss adequacy. In van Eemeren and Grootendorst (1995), Vol. II, 191–202.
Copi, Irving. 1961. Introduction to Logic. New York: Macmillan. (6th edition, 1986)
van Eemeren, Frans and Rob Grootendorst, Charles A. Willard and J. Anthony Blair, eds. 1987. Argumentation: Across the Lines of Discipline. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
van Eemeren, Frans and Rob Grootendorst, Charles A. Willard and J. Anthony Blair, eds. 1995. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Argumentation. 5 Volumes. Amsterdam: Sicsat.
Farley, Arthur M. and Katlneen Freeman. 1995. Burden of proof in a computational model of argumentation. In van Eemeren and Grootendorst at al (1995).
Frege, Gottlob. 1879. Begriffschrift.
Gabbay, Dov. 1995. Labelled deductive systems and the informal fallacies: a preliminary analysis. In Van Eemeren and Grootendorst (1995).
Govier, Trudy. 1985. A practical study of argument. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. (3rd edition, 1993)
Govier, Trudy. 1987. Problems in argument analysis and evaluation. Dordrecht: Foris.
Habermas, Júrgen. 1984. The Theory of communicative practice. Vol. I: Reason and the rationalization of society. Tr. by Thomas McCarthy. Boston: Beacon Press.
Hintikka, Jaakko. 1989. The role of logic in argument. The Monist, 72: 3–24.
Hitchcock, David. 1983. Critical thinking: a guide to evaluating information. Toronto: Methuen.
Johnson, Ralph H. and J. Anthony Blair. 1980. The recent development of informal logic. In Blair and Johnson (1980).
Johnson, Ralph H. and J. Anthony Blair 1985. Informal logic: The past five years. American Philosophical Quarterly, 22: 181–196.
Johnson, Ralph H. and J. Anthony Blair. 1993. Logical Self-Defense. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. (3rd edition.)
Johnson, Ralph H. 1994. Argument: a pragmatic perspective. Inquiry, 13: 3–9.
Kahane, Howard. 1971. Logic and contemporary rhetoric: The use of reasoning in everyday life. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. (6th edition)
Kneale, William and Martha Kneale. 1970. The development of logic. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Lambert, Karel and William Ulrich. 1980. The nature of argument. New York: Macmillan.
Lewis, C. I. and C. H. Langford. 1932. Symbolic logic. New York: Dover.
Quine, Willard van Orman. 1944. Introduction to mathematical logic. New York: Harper.
Siegel, Harvey. 1988. Educating reason: Rationality, critical thinking and education. New York: Routledge.
Toulmin, Stephen E. 1958. The uses of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Toulmin, Stephen, Richard Reike and Allan Janik. 1984. An introduction to reasoning. New York: Macmillan. (2nd edition)
Walton, Douglas. 1983. Topical relevance in argumentation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Walton, Douglas. 1984. Logical dialogue games and fallacies. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Walton, Douglas. 1985. Arguer's position: A pragmatic study of ‘ad hominem’ attack, criticism, refutation and fallacy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Walton, Douglas. 1987. Informal fallacies: Towards a theory of argument criticisms. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Walton, Douglas. 1989. Informal logic: A handbook for critical argumentation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Walton, Douglas. 1990. What is Reasoning? What is an Argument? Journal of Philosophy
Walton, Douglas N. and Erik C. W. Krabbe. 1995. Commitment in dialogue: Basic concepts of interpersonal reasoning. Ithaca: SUNY Press.
Wellman, Carl. 1971. Challenge and response: Justification in Ethics. Carbondale, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Whitehead, Alfred North and Bertrand Russell. Principia Mathematica. 1910–13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Willard, Charles. 1983 Argumentation and the social grounds of knowledge. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.
Willard, Charles. 1989. A theory of argumentation. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1921. Tractatus logico-philosophicus. London.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Johnson, R.H. (1996). The need for a dialectical tier in arguments. In: Gabbay, D.M., Ohlbach, H.J. (eds) Practical Reasoning. FAPR 1996. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1085. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61313-7_85
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61313-7_85
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-61313-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68454-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive