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Introduction

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3D Imaging, Analysis and Applications

Abstract

3D Imaging, Analysis and Applications is a comprehensive textbook on 3D shape capture, 3D shape processing and how such capture and processing can be used. Eleven chapters cover a broad range of concepts, algorithms and applications and they are split into three parts, as follows: Part I, 3D Imaging and Shape Representation, presents techniques for capture, representation and visualization of 3D data; Part II, 3D Shape Analysis and Processing presents feature-based methods of analysis, registration and shape matching and, finally, Part III, 3D Imaging Applications presents application areas in 3D face recognition, remote sensing and medical imaging. This introduction provides the reader with historical and background information, such as that relating to the development of computer vision; in particular, the development of automated 3D imaging. It briefly discusses general depth estimation principles for 3D imaging, details a selection of seminal papers, sketches applications of 3D imaging and concludes with an outline of the book’s remaining chapters.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Typically, this term is used when the 3D data is acquired from multiple viewpoint 2D images.

  2. 2.

    Typically, this term is used when a scanner acquired the 3D data, such as a laser stripe scanner.

  3. 3.

    Typically, this term is used when the data is ordered in a regular grid, such as the 2D array of depth values in a range image, or a 3D array of data in volumetric medical imaging.

  4. 4.

    Euclid of Alexandria, Greek mathematician, also referred to as the Father of Geometry, lived in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323–283 BC).

  5. 5.

    Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham), born 965 CE in Basra, Iraq, died in 1040. Introduced the concept of physical optics and experimented with lenses, mirrors, camera obscura, refraction and reflection.

  6. 6.

    Sir Austen Henry Layard (1817–1894), British archaeologist, found a polished rock crystal during the excavation of ancient Nimrud, Iraq. The lens has a diameter of 38 mm, presumed creation date 750–710 BC and now on display at the British Museum, London.

  7. 7.

    Lucius Annaeus Seneca, around 4 BC–65 CE, was a Roman philosopher, statesman, dramatist, tutor and adviser of Nero.

  8. 8.

    Small and thin bi-convex lenses look like lentils, hence the name lens, which is Latin for lentil.

  9. 9.

    Nicéphore Niépce, 1765–1833, is credited as one of the inventors of photography by solar light etching (Heliograph) in 1826. He later worked with Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, 1787–1851, who acquired a patent for his Daguerreotype, the first practical photography process based on silver iodide, in 1839. In parallel, William Henry Fox Talbot, 1800–1877, developed the calotype process, which uses paper coated with silver iodide. The calotype produced a negative image from which a positive could be printed using silver chloride coated paper [19].

  10. 10.

    The Greek word stereos for solid is used to indicate a spatial 3D extension of vision, hence stereoscopic stands for a 3D form of visual information.

  11. 11.

    Gabriel Lippmann, 1845–1921, French scientist, received the 1908 Nobel price in Physics for his method to reproduce color pictures by interferometry.

  12. 12.

    Sir Charles Wheatstone, 1802–1875, English physicist and inventor.

  13. 13.

    The terms disparity and parallax are sometimes used interchangeably in the literature and this misuse of terminology is a source of confusion. One way to think about parallax is that it is induced by the difference in disparity between foreground and background objects over a pair of views displaced by a translation. The end result is that the foreground is in alignment with different parts of the background. Disparity of foreground objects and parallax then only become equivalent when the distance of background objects can be treated as infinity (e.g. distant stars), in this case the background objects are stationary in the image.

  14. 14.

    Sir David Brewster, 1781–1868, Scottish physicist and inventor.

  15. 15.

    Szeliski, Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications, p. 10 [49].

  16. 16.

    Intrinsic Image Dimension (IID) describes the local change in the image. Constant image: 0D, linear structures: 1D, point structures: 2D.

  17. 17.

    A pdf version is also available for personal use on the website http://szeliski.org/Book/.

  18. 18.

    This triangle defines an epipolar plane, which is discussed in Chap. 2.

  19. 19.

    Kinect is a trademark of Microsoft.

  20. 20.

    Figures are a preprint from the forthcoming Encyclopedia of Computer Vision [29].

  21. 21.

    Twelve milestones is a small number, with the selection somewhat subjective and open to debate. We are merely attempting to give a glimpse of the subject’s development and diversity, not a definitive and comprehensive history.

  22. 22.

    Zhang’s seminal work is pre-dated by a large body of pioneering work on calibration, such as D.C. Brown’s work in the context of photogrammetry, which dates back to the 1950s and many other works in computer vision, such as the seminal two-stage method of Tsai [53].

  23. 23.

    A geodesic distance between two points on a surface is the minimal across-surface distance.

  24. 24.

    Kinect and XBox are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Computer Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany

    Reinhard Koch

  2. Department of Computer Science, University of York, Deramore Lane, York, YO10 5GH, UK

    Nick Pears

  3. Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB, UK

    Yonghuai Liu

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  1. Reinhard Koch
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  2. Nick Pears
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  3. Yonghuai Liu
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Correspondence to Reinhard Koch .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, University of York, Deramore Lane, Heslington, York, YO10 5GH, United Kingdom

    Nick Pears

  2. Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Llandinam Building, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, United Kingdom

    Yonghuai Liu

  3. Institute of Geography and Earth Science, Aberystwyth University, Penglais Campus, Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, United Kingdom

    Peter Bunting

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Koch, R., Pears, N., Liu, Y. (2012). Introduction. In: Pears, N., Liu, Y., Bunting, P. (eds) 3D Imaging, Analysis and Applications. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4063-4_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4063-4_1

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