Skip to main content

wraudit: A Tool to Transparently Monitor Web Resources’ Integrity

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Mining Intelligence and Knowledge Exploration (MIKE 2018)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 11308))

Abstract

JavaScript has become the language of reference for programming the client-side logics of web-applications. However, there is no native full support to protect the integrity of this code from modifications conducted by the server where it is hosted. Many election applications, including internet voting solutions, are based on this language. Thus, if the server that hosts the code is compromised, a modified version of the code could be served and some election security properties affected, e.g. voter privacy, vote integrity, and so on. Furthermore, the usage of a Content Delivery Network (CDN) to mitigate Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks on internet voting solutions has been called into question for similar reasons. A malicious administrator of the hosting provider could have the opportunity to modify JavaScript files affecting the web application’s code integrity. In order to tackle this problem, in this article we propose a solution that mitigates those risks by using a service called wraudit that transparently monitors the integrity of the published code. The service design and implementation are presented and the first insights from our experience using it are explained.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://envirodatagov.org/website-monitoring/.

  2. 2.

    http://aide.sourceforge.net/.

  3. 3.

    https://www.ossec.net/.

  4. 4.

    https://hub.docker.com/r/kizzx2/openvpn-client-socks/.

  5. 5.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-page_application.

References

  1. Web Technology Surveys. https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/cp-javascript/all/all. Accessed 9 July 2018

  2. Signed Scripts in Mozilla. https://www-archive.mozilla.org/projects/security/components/signed-scripts.html. Accessed 9 July 2018

  3. W3C Subresource Integrity. https://www.w3.org/TR/SRI/. Accessed 9 July 2018

  4. Soni, P., Budianto, E., Saxena, P.: The SICILIAN defense: signature-based whitelisting of Web JavaScript. In: ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  5. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246. Accessed 9 July 2018

  6. Culnane, C., Eldridge, M., Essex, A., Teague, V.: Trust implications of DDoS protection in online elections. In: Krimmer, R., et al. (eds.) E-Vote-ID 2017. LNCS, vol. 10615, pp. 127–145. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68687-5_8

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Alves, R., Belo, O., Lourenço, A.: A heuristic-regression approach to crawler pattern identification on clickstream data

    Google Scholar 

  8. Lourenço, A., Belo, O.: Applying clickstream data mining to real-time web crawler detection and containment using clicktips platform. In: Decker, R., Lenz, H.-J. (eds.) Advances in Data Analysis. SCDAKO, pp. 351–358. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70981-7_39

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Tan, P.-N., Kumar, V.: Discovery of web robot sessions based on their navigational patterns. Data Min. Knowl. Discov. 6, 9–35 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013228602957

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Broenink, R.: Using browser properties for fingerprinting purposes. In: 16th biennial Twente Student Conference on IT, Enschede, Holanda, p. 85, January 2012

    Google Scholar 

  11. Calzarossa, M.C., Massari, L.: Analysis of header usage patterns of HTTP request messages. In: 2014 IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 2014 IEEE 6th International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security, 2014 IEEE 11th International Conference on Embedded Software and Syst (HPCC, CSS, ICESS), pp. 847–853. IEEE, August 2014

    Google Scholar 

  12. Stassopoulou, A., Dikaiakos, M.D.: A probabilistic reasoning approach for discovering web crawler sessions. In: Dong, G., Lin, X., Wang, W., Yang, Y., Yu, J.X. (eds.) APWeb/WAIM -2007. LNCS, vol. 4505, pp. 265–272. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72524-4_29

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Detecting Chrome Headless. https://antoinevastel.com/bot%20detection/2017/08/05/detect-chrome-headless.html. Accessed 9 July 2018

  14. Detecting Chrome headless, new techniques. https://antoinevastel.com/bot%20detection/2018/01/17/detect-chrome-headless-v2.html. Accessed 9 July 2018

  15. Cucurull, J., Puiggalí, J.: Distributed immutabilization of secure logs. In: Barthe, G., Markatos, E., Samarati, P. (eds.) STM 2016. LNCS, vol. 9871, pp. 122–137. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46598-2_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to David Salvador , Jordi Cucurull or Pau Julià .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Salvador, D., Cucurull, J., Julià, P. (2018). wraudit: A Tool to Transparently Monitor Web Resources’ Integrity. In: Groza, A., Prasath, R. (eds) Mining Intelligence and Knowledge Exploration. MIKE 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11308. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05918-7_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05918-7_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05917-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05918-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics