Skip to main content

When CI and Decentralized Systems Effectively Meet Smart Cities and Grids

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Smart and Digital Cities

Abstract

A global trend has been motivating programmers, investors, and the academia to go towards decentralized systems. Besides providing efficient solutions for complex problems faced in our daily life, these peer-to-peer communication protocols have been promoting greater freedom and transparency. In this paper, we point out open fields for researching, thinking, and developing in the context of Smart Cities and Smart Grids. Future cities will surely rely on efficient, autonomous, transparent, collaborative, and decentralized environment. In particular, we consider how renewable energy resources could be integrated with mini-/microgrids, which will be hearth of the future cities. Furthermore, we discuss possibilities for promoting territorial development, through the assistance of Blockchain-based platforms embedded with Computational Intelligence tools.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Acharjee, P.: Strategy and implementation of smart grids in india. Energ. Strat. Rev. 1(3), 193–204 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2012.05.003. Future Energy Systems and Market Integration of Wind Power

  2. Ackermann, T., Prevost, T., Vittal, V., Roscoe, A.J., Matevosyan, J., Miller, N.: Paving the way. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 15(6), 61–69 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2017.2729138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Albright, C.: Gentrification is sweeping through america. Here are the people fighting back (2017). https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/nov/10/atlanta-super-gentrification-eminent-domain

  4. Alemán-Nava, G.S., Casiano-Flores, V.H., Cárdenas-Chávez, D.L., Díaz-Chavez, R., Scarlat, N., Mahlknecht, J., Dallemand, J.F., Parra, R.: Renewable energy research progress in mexico: a review. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 32, 140–153 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ali, M.: The next wave of computing (2017). https://medium.com/@muneeb/the-next-wave-of-computing-743295b4bc73

  6. Batty, M.: Big data, smart cities and city planning. Dialogues Hum. Geogr. 3(3), 274–279 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Brooklyn microgrid project - lo3 energy. https://www.brooklyn.energy/

  8. Buterin, V.: Ethereum white paper: a next generation smart contract & decentralized application platform (2013). http://www.the-blockchain.com/docs/Ethereum_white_paper-a_next_generation_smart_contract_and_decentralized_application_platform-vitalik-buterin.pdf

  9. Chen, Y.H., Lu, S.Y., Chang, Y.R., Lee, T.T., Hu, M.C.: Economic analysis and optimal energy management models for microgrid systems: a case study in Taiwan. Appl. Energy 103, 145–154 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Cheng, M., Sami, S.S., Wu, J.: Benefits of using virtual energy storage system for power system frequency response. Appl. Energy 194, 376–385 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chohan, U.: The decentralized autonomous organsations and governance issues. SSRN Electron. J. (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3082055

    Google Scholar 

  12. Christidis, K., Devetsikiotis, M.: Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things. IEEE Access 4, 2292–2303 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Coelho, V.N., Coelho, I.M., Coelho, B.N., de Oliveira, G.C., Barbosa, A.C., Pereira, L., de Freitas, A., Santos, H.G., Ochi, L.S., Guimarães, F.G.: A communitarian microgrid storage planning system inside the scope of a smart city. Appl. Energy 201, 371–381 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.043. Final publication expected to 2017

  14. Coelho, V.N., Coelho, I.M., Rios, E., Filho, A.S.T., Reis, A.J.R., Coelho, B.N., Alves, A., Netto, G.G., Souza, M.J., Guimaraes, F.G.: A hybrid deep learning forecasting model using gpu disaggregated function evaluations applied for household electricity demand forecasting. Energy Procedia 103, 280–285 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Coelho, V.N., Cohen, M.W., Coelho, I.M., Liu, N., Guimarães, F.G.: Multi-agent systems applied for energy systems integration: state-of-the-art applications and trends in microgrids. Appl. Energy 187, 820–832 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.10.056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dai, W.: b-money (1998). http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt

  17. Díaz, P., Masó, J.: Evolution of production and the efficient location of renewable energies. The case of China. Energy Procedia 40, 15–24 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.08.003. European Geosciences Union General Assembly

  18. Dobschinski, J., Bessa, R., Du, P., Geisler, K., Haupt, S.E., Lange, M., Möhrlen, C., Nakafuji, D., de la Torre Rodriguez, M.: Uncertainty forecasting in a nutshell. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 15(6), 40–49 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2017.2729100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ela, E., Wang, C., Moorty, S., Ragsdale, K., O’Sullivan, J., Rothleder, M., Hobbs, B.: Electricity markets and renewables. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 15(6), 70–82 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2017.2730827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Foundation, T.L.: Blockchain for business - an introduction to hyperledger technologies (2017). https://www.edx.org/course/blockchain-business-introduction-linuxfoundationx-lfs171x. EdX MOOC

  21. Gabrich, Y.B., Coelho, I.M., Coelho, V.N.: Tendências para sistemas microgrids em cidades inteligentes: Uma visão sobre a blockchain. In: XLIX Simpsio Brasileiro de Pesquisa Operacional, Blumenau, pp. 1–12 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gianelloni, F., de Azevedo Dantas, G., Alves, J.F., de Castro, N.: The distributed electricity generation diffusion impact on the brazilian distribution utilities. In: 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment: Bringing Together Engineering and Economics, Porto (2017). https://goo.gl/5bmqU3

  23. Green, M.A., Hishikawa, Y., Warta, W., Dunlop, E.D., Levi, D.H., Hohl-Ebinger, J., Ho-Baillie, A.W.: Solar cell efficiency tables (version 50). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 25(7), 668–676 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2909. PIP-17-089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Hameiri, Z.: Photovoltaics literature survey (no. 138). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 25(12), 1077–1083 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2967

  25. Hofman, J., Hofman-Caris, R., Nederlof, M., Frijns, J., Van Loosdrecht, M.: Water and energy as inseparable twins for sustainable solutions. Water Sci. Technol. 63(1), 88–92 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Horio, M., Shigeto, S., Ii, R., Shimatani, Y., Hidaka, M.: Potential of the ‘renewable energy exodus’ (a mass rural remigration) for massive {GHG} reduction in Japan. Appl. Energy 160, 623–632 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. IEA, I.E.A.: Energy access outlook 2017, from poverty to prosperity (2017). https://www. iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo-2017-special-report-energy-access-outlo ok.html

  28. Lew, D., Asano, M., Boemer, J., Ching, C., Focken, U., Hydzik, R., Lange, M., Motley, A.: The power of small. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 15(6), 50–60 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2017.2729104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Li, M., Xiao, H., Gao, W., Li, L.: Smart grid supports the future intelligent city development. In: 2016 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), pp. 6128–6131 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC.2016.7532097

  30. Lin, C.C., Yang, C.H., Shyua, J.Z.: A comparison of innovation policy in the smart grid industry across the pacific: China and the {USA}. Energy Policy 57, 119–132 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Mainelli, M., Smith, M., et al.: Sharing ledgers for sharing economies: an exploration of mutual distributed ledgers (aka blockchain technology). J. Financ. Perspect. 3(3), 38–69 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Meijer, A.J., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Bolívar, M.P.R.: Smart city research: contextual conditions, governance models, and public value assessment. Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev. 34(6), 647–656 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439315618890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Mengelkamp, E., Gärttner, J., Rock, K., Kessler, S., Orsini, L., Weinhardt, C.: Designing microgrid energy markets: a case study: the brooklyn microgrid. Appl. Energy 210, 870–880 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Morvaj, B., Lugaric, L., Krajcar, S.: Demonstrating smart buildings and smart grid features in a smart energy city. In: Proceedings of the 2011 3rd International Youth Conference on Energetics (IYCE), pp. 1–8. IEEE, Piscataway (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Nakamoto, S.: Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Pao, H.T., Fu, H.C.: Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 25, 381–392 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Pike, A., Rodríguez-Pose, A., Tomaney, J.: What kind of local and regional development and for whom? Reg. Stud. 41(9), 1253–1269 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400701543355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Power Ledger Whitepaper (2017). https://powerledger.io/media/Power-Ledger-Whitepaper-v3.pdf

  39. Ramalho, M.S., Câmara, L., Sílva, P.P., Pereira, G., Dantas, G.: Assessing energy policies drivers of the deployment of distribution generation: a review of influencing factors. In: 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment: Bringing Together Engineering and Economics, Porto, Portugal (2017). https://goo.gl/EaLzYs

  40. Sennett, R.: The open city. https://goo.gl/m2u85a

  41. Shetty, V.: A tale of smart cities. Commun. Int. 24(8), 16 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Silva, L.: Smartcities on the ethereum blockchain (2016). https://www.ethnews.com/the-future-is-now-smart-cities-on-the-ethereum-blockchain

  43. Silver, D., Huang, A., Maddison, C.J., Guez, A., Sifre, L., van den Driessche, G., Schrittwieser, J., Antonoglou, I., Panneershelvam, V., Lanctot, M., Dieleman, S., Grewe, D., Nham, J., Kalchbrenner, N., Sutskever, I., Lillicrap, T., Leach, M., Kavukcuoglu, K., Graepel, T., Hassabis, D.: Mastering the game of go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature 529, 484–489 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Solshare. https://www.me-solshare.com/

  45. Swaleh, M., Green, M.: Effect of shunt resistance and bypass diodes on the shadow tolerance of solar cell modules. Solar Cells 5(2), 183–198 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(82)90026-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Swan, M.: Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. O’Reilly Media, Sebastopol (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Tech Mahindra and Power Ledger unite to unleash the power of MaaS (2017). https://www. techmahindra.com/media/press_releases/TechMahindra-PowerLedger-unite-to-unleash-the-po werofMaaS.aspx

  48. The Blockchain: Enabling a Distributed & Connected Energy Future (2016). http://www.mitf orumcambridge.org/event/the-blockchain-enabling-a-distributed-and-connected-energy-future/

  49. Tugcu, C.T., Ozturk, I., Aslan, A.: Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: evidence from G7 countries. Energy Econ. 34(6), 1942–1950 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Vorrath, S.: Bitcoin-inspired peer-to-peer solar trading trial kicks off in perth: renew economy. http://reneweconomy.com.au/bitcoin-inspired-peer-to-peer-solar-trading-trial-kicks-off-in-perth -29362/. Accessed Feb 17, 2017

  51. Walport, M.: Distributed ledger technology: beyond blockchain. UK Government Office for Science (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Welsch, M., Bazilian, M., Howells, M., Divan, D., Elzinga, D., Strbac, G., Jones, L., Keane, A., Gielen, D., Balijepalli, V.M., Brew-Hammond, A., Yumkella, K.: Smart and just grids for sub-Saharan Africa: exploring options. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 20, 336–352 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Wood, G.: Ethereum: a secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger (2013). http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf

  54. Zheng, M., Wang, X., Meinrenken, C.J., Ding, Y.: Economic and environmental benefits of coordinating dispatch among distributed electricity storage. Appl. Energy 210, 842–855 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.095

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Vitor N. Coelho would like to thank the support given by FAPERJ (grant E-26/202.868/2016). Alexandre C. Barbosa would like to thank the support given by the University of Padova.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Coelho, V.N., Gabrich, Y.B., Oliveira, T.A., Ochi, L.S., Barbosa, A.C., Coelho, I.M. (2019). When CI and Decentralized Systems Effectively Meet Smart Cities and Grids. In: Nazário Coelho, V., Machado Coelho, I., A.Oliveira, T., Ochi, L.S. (eds) Smart and Digital Cities. Urban Computing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12255-3_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12255-3_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12254-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12255-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics