Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Guide to Mobile Data Analytics in Refugee Scenarios pp 123–140Cite as

Measuring Fine-Grained Multidimensional Integration Using Mobile Phone Metadata: The Case of Syrian Refugees in Turkey

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The current Syrian civil war has led to a mass migration of Syrian refugees into Turkey. As the Syrian conflict has intensified and lengthened, many refugees have faced challenges integrating into their host societies. Here we introduce and evaluate different measures extracted from mobile phone metadata to study integration of refugees along three dimensions: (1) social integration, (2) spatial integration, and (3) economic integration through signatures of employment activity. We use these measures to compare integration across different regions in Turkey and find striking differences both in the distributions of these dimensions and the relations between them. Finally, leveraging the results from two general elections in Turkey in 2015 and 2018, we confirm earlier findings concerning the impact of refugee presence on voting behavior and demonstrate that we can better explain voting behavior by incorporating integration metrics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,153018/number-of-arriving-departing-visitors-foreigners-and-ci-html.

  2. 2.

    https://sonuc.ysk.gov.tr/.

  3. 3.

    https://data.humdata.org/dataset/syria-refugee-sites.

  4. 4.

    http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,153018/number-of-arriving-departing-visitors-foreigners-and-ci-html.

References

  1. (1951) Article 34, convention relating to the status of refugees. 189 UNTS 150 (entered into force 22 April 1954)

    Google Scholar 

  2. (2018) Syria war: thousands return home in south-west. BBC

    Google Scholar 

  3. (2018) UNHCR operations portal-refugee situations. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria. Accessed 30 Aug 2018

  4. Almaatouq A, Prieto-Castrillo F, Pentland A (2016) Mobile communication signatures of unemployment. In: International conference on social informatics, Springer, pp 407–418

    Google Scholar 

  5. Altindag O, Kaushal N (2017) Do refugees impact voting behavior in the host country? evidence from Syrian refugee inflows in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper (10849)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Balkan B, Tumen S (2016) Immigration and prices: quasi-experimental evidence from Syrian refugees in Turkey. J Popul Econ 29(3):657–686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Barone G, D’Ignazio A, de Blasio G, Naticchioni P (2016) Mr. Rossi, Mr. Hu and politics. The role of immigration in shaping natives’ voting behavior. J Public Econ 136:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bennett PR (2011) The relationship between neighborhood racial concentration and verbal ability: an investigation using the institutional resources model. Soc Sci Res 40(4):1124–1141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Borjas G (2013) Immigration and the American worker. Center for Immigration Studies, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ceritoglu E, Yunculer HBG, Torun H, Tumen S (2017) The impact of Syrian refugees on natives’ labor market outcomes in Turkey: evidence from a quasi-experimental design. IZA J Labor Policy 6(1):5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cheung SY, Phillimore J (2013) Social networks, social capital and refugee integration. Report for Nuffield Foundation, London

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cheung SY, Phillimore J (2014) Refugees, social capital, and labour market integration in the UK. Sociology 48(3):518–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Collard R (2018) Syrian refugees return from Lebanon to an uncertain future. Financial Times

    Google Scholar 

  14. Crisp J (2004) The local integration and local settlement of refugees: a conceptual and historical analysis. UNHCR, Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dinçer OB, Federici V, Ferris E, Karaca S, Kirişci K, Çarmıklı EÖ (2013) Turkey and Syrian refugees: the limits of hospitality. International Strategic Research Organization (USAK)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Dustmann C, Glitz A, Frattini T (2008) The labour market impact of immigration. Oxf Rev Econ Policy 24(3):477–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Erdoğan M (2017) Thinking outside the camp: Syrian refugees in Istanbul. The Migration Information Source

    Google Scholar 

  18. Granovetter MS (1977) The strength of weak ties. In: Social networks, Elsevier, pp 347–367

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Halla M, Wagner AF, Zweimüller J (2017) Immigration and voting for the far right. J Eur Econ Assoc 15(6):1341–1385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hanley J, Al Mhamied A, Cleveland J, Hajjar O, Hassan G, Ives N, Khyar R, Hynie M (2018) The social networks, social support and social capital of Syrian refugees privately sponsored to settle in Montreal: indications for employment and housing during their early experiences of integration. Can Ethn Stud 50(2):123–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Içduygu A, Diker E (2017) Labor market integration of Syrian refugees in Turkey: from refugees to settlers. J Migr Stud 3(1):12–35

    Google Scholar 

  22. Korac M (2003) Integration and how we facilitate it: a comparative study of the settlement experiences of refugees in Italy and the Netherlands. Sociology 37(1):51–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lamanna F, Lenormand M, Salas-Olmedo MH, Romanillos G, Gonçalves B, Ramasco JJ (2018) Immigrant community integration in world cities. PloS one 13(3):e0191612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Martin I, Arcarons A, Aumüller J, Bevelander P, Emilsson H, Kalantaryan S, MacIver A, Mara I, Scalettaris G, Venturini A et al (2016) From refugees to workers: mapping labour market integration support measures for asylum-seekers and refugees in eu member states. Volume II: Literature review and country case studies. Technical report

    Google Scholar 

  25. Massey DS, Denton NA (1988) The dimensions of residential segregation. Soc Forces 67(2):281–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Oka M, Wong DW (2015) Spatializing segregation measures: an approach to better depict social relationships. Cityscape 17(1):97–114

    Google Scholar 

  27. Otto AH, Steinhardt MF (2014) Immigration and election outcomes-evidence from city districts in Hamburg. RegNal Sci Urban Econ 45:67–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Özden S (2013) Syrian refugees in Turkey. Technical report

    Google Scholar 

  29. Pentland A (2010) Honest signals: how they shape our world. MIT Press

    Google Scholar 

  30. Salah AA, Pentland A, Lepri B, Letouzé E, Vinck P, de Montjoye YA, Dong X, Dağdelen Ö (2018) Data for refugees: the D4R challenge on mobility of Syrian refugees in Turkey. arXiv:180700523

  31. South SJ, Crowder K, Chavez E (2005) Migration and spatial assimilation among US Latinos: classical versus segmented trajectories. Demography 42(3):497–521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Steinmayr A (2016) Exposure to refugees and voting for the far-right: (unexpected) results from Austria. IZA Discussion Paper, Institute for the Study of Labor

    Google Scholar 

  33. Sundsøy P, Bjelland J, Reme BA, Jahani E, Wetter E, Bengtsson L (2016) Estimating individual employment status using mobile phone network data. arXiv:161203870

  34. Toole JL, Lin YR, Muehlegger E, Shoag D, González MC, Lazer D (2015) Tracking employment shocks using mobile phone data. J R Soc Interface 12(107):20150185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Vinikoor LC, Kaufman JS, MacLehose RF, Laraia BA (2008) Effects of racial density and income incongruity on pregnancy outcomes in less segregated communities. Soc Sci Med 66(2):255–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank MIT and the MIT Media Lab for their support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Michiel A. Bakker, Daoud A. Piracha, Patricia J. Lu, Keis Bejgo, Yan Leng, Jose Balsa-Barreiro, Alfredo J. Morales & Alex Pentland

  2. Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Mohsen Bahrami, Burcin Bozkaya & Selim Balcisoy

  3. Data–Pop Alliance, New York, NY, USA

    Julie Ricard

  4. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Vivek K. Singh

Authors
  1. Michiel A. Bakker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daoud A. Piracha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Patricia J. Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Keis Bejgo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mohsen Bahrami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yan Leng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jose Balsa-Barreiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Julie Ricard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Alfredo J. Morales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Vivek K. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Burcin Bozkaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Selim Balcisoy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Alex Pentland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Michiel A. Bakker or Alex Pentland .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Albert Ali Salah

  2. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Alex Pentland

  3. Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy

    Bruno Lepri

  4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Emmanuel Letouzé

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bakker, M.A. et al. (2019). Measuring Fine-Grained Multidimensional Integration Using Mobile Phone Metadata: The Case of Syrian Refugees in Turkey. In: Salah, A., Pentland, A., Lepri, B., Letouzé, E. (eds) Guide to Mobile Data Analytics in Refugee Scenarios. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12554-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12554-7_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12553-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12554-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation