Abstract
In this paper we discuss how we can augment an existing controlled natural language in a systematic way with temporal expressions in order to write high-level temporal specifications which require reasoning about action and change. We show that domain-dependent axioms which are necessary to specify time-varying properties, deal with the commonsense law of inertia, and with continuous change can be expressed directly and in a transparent way on the level of the controlled natural language. The resulting temporal specification including the corresponding axioms and the required terminological knowledge can be translated automatically into an executable answer set program and then be used by a linguistically motivated version of the Event Calculus, implemented as an answer set program, for temporal reasoning and question answering.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Clark, P., Harrison, P., Jenkins, T., Thompson, J., Wojcik, R.: Acquiring and using world knowledge using a restricted subset of English. The 18th International FLAIRS Conference (FLAIRS 2005), pp. 506–511 (2005)
Ferraris, P., Joohyung Lee, J., Lifschitz, V.: Stable models and circumscription. Artif. Intell. 175, 236–263 (2011)
Gebser, M., et al.: Potassco User Guide, Version 2.2.0 (2019). https://github.com/potassco/guide/releases/
Gelfond, M., Lifschitz, V.: The stable model semantics for logic programming. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP), pp. 1070–1080 (1988)
Gelfond, M., Kahl, Y.: Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, and the Design of Intelligent Agents, The Answer-Set Programming Approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2014)
Guy, S., Schwitter, R.: The PENGASP system: architecture, language and authoring tool. J. Lang. Resour. Eval. Spec. Issue: Control. Nat. Lang. 51(1), 67–92 (2017)
Kamp, H., van Genabith, J., Reyle, U.: Discourse representation theory. In: Gabbay, D., Guenthner, F. (eds.) Handbook of Philosophical Logic, vol. 15, pp. 125–394. Springer, Dordrecht (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0485-5_3
Kowalski, R., Sergot, M.: A logic-based calculus of events. New Gener. Comput. 4, 67–94 (1986)
Kuhn, T., Schwitter, R.: Writing support for controlled natural languages. In: Proceedings of ALTA, pp. 46–54 (2008)
Kuhn, T.: A survey and classification of controlled natural languages. Comput. Linguist. 40(1), 121–170 (2014)
Lee, J., Palla, R.: Reformulating temporal action logics in answer set programming. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), pp. 786–792 (2012)
Lifschitz, V.: Formal theories of action. the frame problem in artificial intelligence. In: Proceedings of the 1987 Workshop, Los Altos, CA, pp. 35–57 (1987)
Lifschitz, V.: What is answer set programming? In: Proceedings of AAAI, pp. 1594–1597 (2008)
Miller, R., Shanahan, M.: Some alternative formulations of the event calculus. In: Kakas, A.C., Sadri, F. (eds.) Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2408, pp. 452–490. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45632-5_17
Mueller, E.T.: Commonsense Reasoning: An Event Calculus Based Approach, 2nd edn. Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington (2015)
Schwitter, R.: Controlled natural language for knowledge representation. In: Proceedings of COLING 2010, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, pp. 1113–1121. Association for Computational Linguistics (2010)
Schwitter, R.: Specifying events and their effects in controlled natural language. Comput. Linguist. Relat. Fields Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci. 27, 12–21 (2011)
Schwitter, R.: Specifying and verbalising answer set programs in controlled natural language. J. Theory Pract. Log. Program. 18(3–4), 691–705 (2018)
Shanahan, M.: Representing continuous change in the event calculus. In: Proceedings of ECAI 1990, pp. 598–603 (1990)
Shanahan, M.: Solving the Frame Problem. MIT Press, Cambridge (1997)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Schwitter, R. (2019). Augmenting an Answer Set Based Controlled Natural Language with Temporal Expressions. In: Nayak, A., Sharma, A. (eds) PRICAI 2019: Trends in Artificial Intelligence. PRICAI 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11670. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29908-8_40
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29908-8_40
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-29907-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-29908-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)