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Multi-modelling and Co-simulation in the Engineering of Cyber-Physical Systems: Towards the Digital Twin

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Book cover From Software Engineering to Formal Methods and Tools, and Back

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNTCS,volume 11865))

Abstract

Ensuring the dependability of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) poses challenges for model-based engineering, stemming from the semantic heterogeneity of the models of computational, physical and human processes, and from the range of stakeholders involved. We argue that delivering such dependability requires a marriage of multi-disciplinary models developed during design with models derived from real operational data. Assets developed during design thus become the basis of a learning digital twin, able to support decision making both in redesign and in responsive operation. Starting from an open integrated toolchain leveraging formal models for CPS design, we consider the extension of this concept towards digital twins. A small example inspired by agricultural robotics illustrates some of the opportunities for research and innovation in delivering digital twins that contribute to dependability.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://fmi-standard.org/.

  2. 2.

    https://www.ansys.com/products/systems/digital-twin.

  3. 3.

    https://community.plm.automation.siemens.com/t5/Digital-Twin/ct-p/DigitalTwin.

  4. 4.

    http://projects.au.dk/into-cps/.

  5. 5.

    http://www.overturetool.org.

  6. 6.

    https://www.20sim.com/.

  7. 7.

    https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/software/mindsphere.html.

  8. 8.

    https://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/.

  9. 9.

    https://unity.com/.

  10. 10.

    We expect that this may often be the case between FMUs that represent physical elements by means of CT models.

  11. 11.

    The Gartner group puts digital twins in its 10 strategically most important technologies in 2019: https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2019/.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Poul Due Jensen Foundation, which has supported the establishment of a new Centre for Digital Twin Technology at Aarhus University, which will take forward the principles, tools and applications of the engineering of digital twins. We gladly acknowledge the collaboration of many colleagues, including Carl Gamble, Nicholas Ainslie, John Mace, Jennifer Whyte, Martin Mayfield, Hugo Macedo, Frederik Foldager, Claudio Gomes, Casper Thule, Kenneth Lausdahl, Christian Kleijn, Mihai Neghina and Stelios Basagiannis.

Dedication. It is a pleasure to offer this paper in honour of Stefania Gnesi, whose work as a leading member of the formal methods and model-based design communities internationally has enabled the collaborations that have underpinned our research. Stefania’s work for the Formal Methods Europe Association – over decades – has helped shape one of the world’s leading symposia in the field. In her role as chair of ERCIM-FMICS and as a co-founder of the FormaliSE conference, she has done much to bring formal methods to the wider industry and engineering communities. Indeed, FormaliSE was one of the first places in which we discussed progress in co-simulation of formal models [10]. The greatest tribute that we can pay to Stefania is to ensure that our community continues to build on the foundations that she has done so much to establish.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    John Fitzgerald & Ken Pierce

  2. DIGIT, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Peter Gorm Larsen

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  1. John Fitzgerald
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Correspondence to John Fitzgerald .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy

    Maurice H. ter Beek

  2. Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy

    Alessandro Fantechi

  3. Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Laura Semini

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Fitzgerald, J., Larsen, P.G., Pierce, K. (2019). Multi-modelling and Co-simulation in the Engineering of Cyber-Physical Systems: Towards the Digital Twin. In: ter Beek, M., Fantechi, A., Semini, L. (eds) From Software Engineering to Formal Methods and Tools, and Back. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11865. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30985-5_4

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