Abstract
In this paper we improve the speed of the nearest neighbor classifiers of a set of points based on sequential analysis of high-dimensional feature vectors. Each input object is associated with a sequence of principal component scores of aggregated features extracted by deep neural network. The number of components in each element of this sequence is dynamically chosen based on explained proportion of total variance for the training set. We propose to process the next element with higher explained variance only if the decision for the current element is unreliable. This reliability is estimated by matching of the ratio of the minimum distance and all other distances with a certain threshold. Experimental study for face recognition with the Labeled Faces in the Wild and YouTube Faces datasets demonstrates the decrease of running time up to 10 times when compared to conventional instance-based learning.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., Courville, A.: Deep Learning. MIT Press, Cambridge (2016)
Savchenko, A.V.: Sequential three-way decisions in multi-category image recognition with deep features based on distance factor. Inf. Sci. 489, 18–36 (2019)
Sokolova, A.D., Kharchevnikova, A.S., Savchenko, A.V.: Organizing multimedia data in video surveillance systems based on face verification with convolutional neural networks. In: van der Aalst, W.M.P., et al. (eds.) AIST 2017. LNCS, vol. 10716, pp. 223–230. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73013-4_20
Frome, A., Corrado, G.S., Shlens, J., Bengio, S., Dean, J., Mikolov, T.: Devise: a deep visual-semantic embedding model. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), pp. 2121–2129 (2013)
Sharif Razavian, A., Azizpour, H., Sullivan, J., Carlsson, S.: CNN features off-the-shelf: an astounding baseline for recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), pp. 806–813 (2014)
Lu, J., Wang, G., Deng, W., Moulin, P., Zhou, J.: Multi-manifold deep metric learning for image set classification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1137–1145 (2015)
Yang, J., et al.: Neural aggregation network for video face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 4362–4371 (2017)
Savchenko, A.V., Milov, V.R., Belova, N.S.: Sequential hierarchical image recognition based on the pyramid histograms of oriented gradients with small samples. In: Khachay, M.Y., Konstantinova, N., Panchenko, A., Ignatov, D.I., Labunets, V.G. (eds.) AIST 2015. CCIS, vol. 542, pp. 14–23. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26123-2_2
Sokolova, A.D., Savchenko, A.V.: Cluster analysis of facial video data in video surveillance systems using deep learning. In: Kalyagin, V., Pardalos, P., Prokopyev, O., Utkina, I. (eds.) NET 2016. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, vol. 247. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96247-4_7
Yao, Y.: Granular computing and sequential three-way decisions. In: Lingras, P., Wolski, M., Cornelis, C., Mitra, S., Wasilewski, P. (eds.) RSKT 2013. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 8171, pp. 16–27. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41299-8_3
Savchenko, A.V.: Fast multi-class recognition of piecewise regular objects based on sequential three-way decisions and granular computing. Knowl.-Based Syst. 91, 252–262 (2016)
Savchenko, A.V.: Granular computing and sequential analysis of deep embeddings in fast still-to-video face recognition. In: IEEE 12th International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI), pp. 515–520 (2018)
Kullback, S.: Information Theory and Statistics. Courier Corporation, New York (1997)
Lowe, D.G.: Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 60(2), 91–110 (2004)
Yang, S., Luo, P., Loy, C.C., Tang, X.: Wider face: a face detection benchmark. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 5525–5533 (2016)
Parkhi, O.M., Vedaldi, A., Zisserman, A.: Deep face recognition. In: Proceedings of the British Machine Vision, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 6–17 (2015)
Wu, X., He, R., Sun, Z., Tan, T.: A light CNN for deep face representation with noisy labels. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 13(11), 2884–2896 (2018)
Cao, Q., Shen, L., Xie, W., Parkhi, O.M., Zisserman, A.: VGGface2: a dataset for recognising faces across pose and age. In: 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018), pp. 67–74 (2017)
Schroff, F., Kalenichenko, D., Philbin, J.: FaceNet: a unified embedding for face recognition and clustering. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 815–823 (2015)
Learned-Miller, E., Huang, G.B., RoyChowdhury, A., Li, H., Hua, G.: Labeled faces in the wild: a survey. In: Kawulok, M., Celebi, M.E., Smolka, B. (eds.) Advances in Face Detection and Facial Image Analysis, pp. 189–248. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25958-1_8
Wolf, L., Hassner, T., Maoz, I.: Face recognition in unconstrained videos with matched background similarity. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 529–534 (2011)
Acknowledgments
The article was prepared within the framework of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sokolova, A.D., Savchenko, A.V. (2019). Fast Nearest-Neighbor Classifier Based on Sequential Analysis of Principal Components. In: van der Aalst, W., et al. Analysis of Images, Social Networks and Texts. AIST 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11832. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37334-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37334-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37333-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-37334-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)