Skip to main content

Modelling Shipping 4.0: A Reference Architecture for the Cyber-Enabled Ship

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Intelligent Information and Database Systems (ACIIDS 2020)

Abstract

There is intense activity of the maritime industry towards making remotely controlled and autonomous ships sail in the near future; this activity constitutes the instantiation of the Industry 4.0 process in the maritime industry. Yet, a reference model of the architecture of such vessels that will facilitate the “shipping 4.0” process has not yet been defined. In this paper we extend the existing Maritime Architectural Framework to allow the description of the cyber-enabled ships (C-ESs), and we demonstrate the use of the extended framework by developing descriptions of the architecture of variants of the Cyber-enabled ship. The results can be used not only to systematically describe the architecture of Cyber-enabled ships in a harmonized manner, but also to identify standardization gaps, and to elicit the cybersecurity requirements of the C-ES ecosystem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. CASOS. http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/index.php. Accessed 10 Sept 2019

  2. e-Navigation. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/eNavigation.aspx. Accessed 10 Oct 2019

  3. Smart grid reference architecture. Technical report, CEN-CENELEC-ETSI Smart Grid Coordination Group (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  4. A technical specification for the common shore-based system architecture (cssa). Technical report, International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bergström, M., Hirdaris, S., Banda, O.V., Kujala, P., Sormunen, O., Lappalainen, A.: Towards the unmanned ship code, June 2018

    Google Scholar 

  6. CEN-CENELEC-ETSI Smart Grid Coordination Group: Smart grid reference architecture. Technical report (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  7. China classification society: Guidelines for autonomous cargo ships 2018. Technical report (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Council of European Union: Regulation (EC) No 725/2004 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cross, J., Meadow, G.: Autonomous ships 101. J. Technol. 12, 23–27 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  10. DNVGL: Autonomous and remotely operated ships, class guideline. Technical report (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fitton, O., Prince, D., Germond, B., Lacy, M.: The future of maritime cyber security. Technical report (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Höyhtyä, M., Huusko, J., Kiviranta, M., Solberg, K., Rokka, J.: Connectivity for autonomous ships: architecture, use cases, and research challenges. In: International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), 2017, pp. 345–350. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Im, I., Shin, D., Jeong, J.: Components for smart autonomous ship architecture based on intelligent information technology. Proc. Comput. Sci. 134, 91–98 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. International Maritime Organization : IMO takes first steps to address autonomous ships (2018). http://www.imo.org/en/mediacentre/pressbriefings/pages/08-msc-99-mass-scoping.aspx. Accessed 24 May 2019

  15. International Maritime Organization: Convention on the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  16. International Maritime Organization: Msc 85/26/add.1, annex 20 strategy for the development and implementation of e-navigation. Technical report (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Systems and software engineering–Architecture description. Standard, International Organization for Standardization (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kavallieratos, G., Katsikas, S., Gkioulos, V.: Cyber-attacks against the autonomous ship. In: Katsikas, S.K., et al. (eds.) SECPRE/CyberICPS -2018. LNCS, vol. 11387, pp. 20–36. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12786-2_2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Kitada, M., et al.: Command of vessels in the era of digitalization. In: Kantola, J.I., Nazir, S., Barath, T. (eds.) AHFE 2018. AISC, vol. 783, pp. 339–350. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94709-9_32

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Komianos, A.: The autonomous shipping era. operational, regulatory, and quality challenges. TransNav Int. J. Marine Navig. Safety Sea Transp. 12, 335–348 (2018). https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.12.02.15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. National Institute of Standards and Technology : Introduction to nistir 7628 guidelines for smart grid cyber security. Technical report (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  22. National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA): Nmea 2000 standard (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Natvig, M.: Final report on the marnis e-maritime architecture. Technical report (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Natvig, M., Westerheim, H., Christiansen, I.: Arktrans the Norwegian system framework architecture for multimodal transport systems supporting freight and passenger transport, June 2019

    Google Scholar 

  25. NCSR 1–28: Report to the maritime safety committee, international maritime organization, sub-committee on navigation communications and search and rescue. Technical report (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  26. OASIS: Reference architecture foundation for service oriented architecture. Technical report (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Register, L.: Cyber-enabled ships: deploying information and communications technology in shipping-lloyds register’s approach to assurance. London: Lloyds Register (2016). http://www.marinelog.com/index.php

  28. Rinaldi, S.M., Peerenboom, J.P., Kelly, T.K.: Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies. IEEE Control Syst. Mag. 21(6), 11–25 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1109/37.969131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rødseth, Ø,J.: e-maritime standardisation requirements and strategies (2009). http://www.mits-forum.org/architecture.html

  30. Rødseth, Ø.J., Tjora, Å.: A system architecture for an unmanned ship. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries (COMPIT) (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rødseth, O.J., Tjora, A., Baltzersen, P.: Munin d4.5: Architecture specification. Technical report (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Tran, T.M.N.: Integrating requirements of industry 4.0 into maritime education and training: case study of vietnam (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Uslar, M., et al.: Applying the smart grid architecture model for designing and validating system-of-systems in the power and energy domain: a European perspective. Energies 12(2), 258 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Veritas, Bureau: Guidelines for autonomous shipping. Technical report (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Vindøy, V.: A functionally oriented vessel data model used as basis for classification. In: 7th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries, COMPIT, vol. 8 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Weinert, B., Hahn, A., Norkus, O.: A domain-specific architecture framework for the maritime domain. Informatik 2016 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Weintrit, A.: Development of the IMO e-Navigation concept – common maritime data structure. In: Mikulski, J. (ed.) TST 2011. CCIS, vol. 239, pp. 151–163. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24660-9_18

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  38. ZVEI Die Elektroindustrie: Reference architecture model industrie 4.0. Technical report (2015)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Georgios Kavallieratos .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Kavallieratos, G., Katsikas, S., Gkioulos, V. (2020). Modelling Shipping 4.0: A Reference Architecture for the Cyber-Enabled Ship. In: Nguyen, N., Jearanaitanakij, K., Selamat, A., Trawiński, B., Chittayasothorn, S. (eds) Intelligent Information and Database Systems. ACIIDS 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12034. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42058-1_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42058-1_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42057-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42058-1

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics