Skip to main content

Bluetooth Low Energy Technology Applied to Indoor Positioning Systems: An Overview

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Computer Aided Systems Theory – EUROCAST 2019 (EUROCAST 2019)

Abstract

Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS) are an alternative to Global Positioning System (GPS) in those environments where its signal is attenuated. This is one of the main reasons why IPS has been the subject of much research over the last two decades and where different technologies and methods have been used. Among the technologies used in IPS are those that use radio frequency (RF) signals, such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) or Wi-Fi. BLE is widely used in ubiquitous computing and in many applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) mainly due to its low power consumption and because it can provide advanced services to users. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the state of the art of BLE-based IPS including its main methods and algorithms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Anastasi, G., Bandelloni, R., Conti, M., Delmastro, F., Gregori, E., Mainetto, G.: Experimenting an indoor Bluetooth-based positioning service. In: 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCS 2003 Workshops), 19–22 May 2003, Providence, RI, USA, pp. 480–483 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCSW.2003.1203598

  2. Bensky, A.: Wireless Positioning Technologies and Applications. Artech House, Boston, London (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  3. de Blasio, G., Quesada-Arencibia, A., García, C.R., Molina-Gil, J.M., Caballero-Gil, C.: Study on an indoor positioning system for harsh environments based on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy. Sensors 17(6), 1299 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061299. http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/6/1299

  4. de Blasio, G., Quesada-Arencibia, A., García, C.R., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J.C., Moreno-Díaz, R.: A protocol-channel-based indoor positioning performance study for Bluetooth Low Energy. IEEE Access 6, 33440–33450 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2837497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bluetooth SIG Proprietary: Bluetooth 4.0 core specification. https://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/downloaddoc.ashx?doc_id=456433

  6. Bluetooth SIG Proprietary: Bluetooth 5 core specification. https://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/DownloadDoc.ashx?doc_id=421043

  7. Bluetooth SIG Proprietary: Bluetooth 5 core specification. https://www.bluetooth.org/docman/handlers/downloaddoc.ashx?doc_id=457080

  8. Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG): Bluetooth low energy. https://www.bluetooth.com/what-is-bluetooth-technology/bluetooth-technology-basics/low-energy

  9. Brena, R.F., García-Vázquez, J., Galván-Tejada, C.E., Rodríguez, D.M., Rosales, C.V., Fangmeyer Jr., F.: Evolution of indoor positioning technologies: a survey. J. Sensors 2017, 2630413:1–2630413:21 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2630413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Campos, R.S., Lovisolo, L.: RF Positioning: Fundamentals, Applications and Tools. Artech House, Boston, London (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cantón-Paterna, V., Calveras-Augé, A., Paradells-Aspas, J., Pérez-Bullones, M.A.: A Bluetooth Low Energy indoor positioning system with channel diversity, weighted trilateration and Kalman filtering. Sensors 17(12), 2927 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Castillo-Cara, M., Lovón-Melgarejo, J., Rocca, G.B., Orozco-Barbosa, L., García-Varea, I.: An analysis of multiple criteria and setups for Bluetooth smartphone-based indoor localization mechanism. J. Sens. 2017, 1928578:1–1928578:22 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1928578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Davidson, P., Piché, R.: A survey of selected indoor positioning methods for smartphones. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 19, 1347–1370 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2016.2637663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Faragher, R., Harle, R.: Location fingerprinting with Bluetooth Low Energy beacons. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 33(11), 2418–2428 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2015.2430281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Feldmann, S., Kyamakya, K., Zapater, A., Lue, Z.: An indoor Bluetooth-based positioning system: concept, implementation and experimental evaluation. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Networks, ICWN 2003, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 23–26 June, pp. 109–113. CSREA Press (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kajioka, S., Mori, T., Uchiya, T., Takumi, I., Matsuo, H.: Experiment of indoor position presumption based on RSSI of Bluetooth LE beacon. In: IEEE 3rd Global Conference on Consumer Electronics, Tokyo, Japan, 7–10 October 2014, pp. 337–339 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kriz, P., Maly, F., Kozel, T.: Improving indoor localization using Bluetooth Low Energy beacons. Mob. Inf. Syst. 2016, 2083094:1–2083094:11 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2083094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Liu, H., Darabi, H., Banerjee, P.P., Liu, J.: Survey of wireless indoor positioning techniques and systems. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C 37(6), 1067–1080 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2007.905750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Martín Mendoza-Silva, G., Matey-Sanz, M., Torres-Sospedra, J., Huerta, J.: BLE RSS measurements dataset for research on accurate indoor positioning. Data 4(1), 12 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/data4010012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Martín Mendoza-Silva, G., Torres-Sospedra, J., Huerta, J.: A meta-review of indoor positioning systems. Sensors 19(20), 4507 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Neburka, J., et al.: Study of the performance of RSSI based Bluetooth smart indoor positioning. In: 2016 26th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA), pp. 121–125, April 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/RADIOELEK.2016.7477344

  22. Powar, J., Gao, C., Harle, R.: Assessing the impact of multi-channel BLE beacons on fingerprint-based positioning. In: 2017 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, IPIN 2017, Sapporo, Japan, 18–21 September 2017, pp. 1–8 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/IPIN.2017.8115871

  23. Sadowski, S., Spachos, P.: Optimization of BLE beacon density for RSSI-based indoor localization. In: 17th IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, ICC Workshops 2019, Shanghai, China, 20–24 May 2019, pp. 1–6 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCW.2019.8756989

  24. Wang, Y., Yang, X., Zhao, Y., Liu, Y., Cuthbert, L.: Bluetooth positioning using RSSI and triangulation methods. In: 10th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, CCNC 2013, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 11–14 January, pp. 837–842 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2013.6488558

  25. Zafari, F., Gkelias, A., Leung, K.K.: A survey of indoor localization systems and technologies. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 21(3), 2568–2599 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2019.2911558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang, L., Liu, X., Song, J., Gurrin, C., Zhu, Z.: A comprehensive study of Bluetooth fingerprinting-based algorithms for localization. In: 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, WAINA 2013, Barcelona, Spain, 25–28 March 2013, pp. 300–305 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/WAINA.2013.205

  27. Zhu, J., Luo, H., Chen, Z., Li, Z.: RSSI based Bluetooth Low Energy indoor positioning. In: 2014 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, IPIN 2014, Busan, South Korea, 27–30 October 2014, pp. 526–533 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/IPIN.2014.7275525

  28. Zhuang, Y., Yang, J., Li, J., Qi, L., El-Sheimy, N.: Smartphone-based indoor localization with Bluetooth Low Energy beacons. Sensors 16, 596 (2011). https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050596

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gabriele S. de Blasio .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

de Blasio, G.S., Quesada-Arencibia, A., García, C.R., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J.C. (2020). Bluetooth Low Energy Technology Applied to Indoor Positioning Systems: An Overview. In: Moreno-Díaz, R., Pichler, F., Quesada-Arencibia, A. (eds) Computer Aided Systems Theory – EUROCAST 2019. EUROCAST 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12013. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45093-9_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45093-9_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-45092-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-45093-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics