Abstract
Prototyping is one of the most critical and costly steps in the product development process. However, the existing literature lacks in prototyping strategies that are comprehensive and widely accepted. Current prototyping strategies mostly focus on the hands-on activity of building the prototype by relying on the designer’s experience. Another limitation is that prototyping strategies often do not address human factors for prototyping human-centered products. This paper introduces a House of Prototyping Guidelines (HOPG) framework, which integrates the existing prototyping guidelines and human factor engineering principles for better prototyping outcomes. The methodology contains four steps. The first step pertains to the state-of-the-art prototyping literature review. The second step consists of filtering the prototyping findings and summarizing the key prototyping findings from Step 1. The third step presents the HOPG conceptual map, which is loosely based on the House of Quality (HOQ) approach. HOPG contains the Prototyping Categories and Prototyping Dimensions, which are similar to Customer Requirement and Engineering Requirement of HOQ, respectively. In the HOPG framework, designers go through the Prototyping Categories to understand the prototyping requirements and then identifies the Prototyping Dimensions to create the prototypes that fit human-centered design needs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
James dyson on his vacuum failure and success. http://nymag.com/vindicated/2016/11/james-dyson-on-5-126-vacuums-that-didnt-work-and-1-that-did.html. Accessed 16 Dec 2019
Ahmed, S., Gawand, M.S., Irshad, L., Demirel, H.O.: Exploring the design space using a surrogate model approach with digital human modeling simulations. In: ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, p. V01BT02A011. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2018)
Ahmed, S., Irshad, L., Demirel, H.O., Tumer, I.Y.: A comparison between virtual reality and digital human modeling for proactive ergonomic design. In: Duffy, V.G. (ed.) HCII 2019. LNCS, vol. 11581, pp. 3–21. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22216-1_1
Ahmed, S., Zhang, J., Demirel, O.: Assessment of types of prototyping in human-centered product design. In: Duffy, V. (ed.) DHM 2018, vol. 10917, pp. 3–18. Springer, Heidelberg (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91397-1_1
Alexopoulos, K., Mavrikios, D., Chryssolouris, G.: ErgoToolkit: an ergonomic analysis tool in a virtual manufacturing environment. Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. 26(5), 440–452 (2013)
Badler, N.I., Phillips, C.B., Webber, B.L.: Simulating Humans: Computer Graphics Animation and Control. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1993)
Barbieri, L., Angilica, A., Bruno, F., Muzzupappa, M.: Mixed prototyping with configurable physical archetype for usability evaluation of product interfaces. Comput. Ind. 64(3), 310–323 (2013)
Bi, Z.: Computer integrated reconfigurable experimental platform for ergonomic study of vehicle body design. Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. 23(11), 968–978 (2010)
Binnard, M.: Design by Composition for Rapid Prototyping, vol. 525. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Bordegoni, M., Cugini, U., Caruso, G., Polistina, S.: Mixed prototyping for product assessment: a reference framework. Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. (IJIDeM) 3(3), 177–187 (2009)
Brereton, M., McGarry, B.: An observational study of how objects support engineering design thinking and communication: implications for the design of tangible media. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 217–224. ACM (2000)
Broek, J.J., Sleijffers, W., Horváth, I., Lennings, A.F.: Using physical models in design. In: Proceedings of CAID/CD’2000 Conference, pp. 155–163 (2000)
Bullinger, H.J., Dangelmaier, M.: Virtual prototyping and testing of in-vehicle interfaces. Ergonomics 46(1–3), 41–51 (2003)
Camburn, B., et al.: A systematic method for design prototyping. J. Mech. Des. 137(8), 081102 (2015)
Camburn, B., et al.: Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and guidelines. Des. Sci. 3 (2017)
Chaffin, D.B.: Some requirements and fundamental issues in digital human modeling. In: Handbook of Digital Human Modeling, pp. 2–1 (2009)
Chaffin, D.B., Nelson, C., et al.: Digital Human Modeling for Vehicle and Workplace Design. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale (2001)
Chang, K.H., Silva, J., Bryant, I.: Concurrent design and manufacturing for mechanical systems. Concurrent Eng. 7(4), 290–308 (1999)
Christie, E.J., et al.: Prototyping strategies: literature review and identification of critical variables. In: American Society for Engineering Education Conference (2012)
Coutts, E.R., Wodehouse, A., Robertson, J.: A comparison of contemporary prototyping methods. In: Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design, vol. 1, pp. 1313–1322. Cambridge University Press (2019)
Cugini, U., Bordegoni, M., Mana, R.: The role of virtual prototyping and simulation in the fashion sector. Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. (IJIDeM) 2(1), 33–38 (2008)
Demirel, H.O., Duffy, V.G.: Applications of digital human modeling in industry. In: Duffy, V.G. (ed.) ICDHM 2007. LNCS, vol. 4561, pp. 824–832. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73321-8_93
Demirel, H.O., Duffy, V.G.: Digital human modeling for product lifecycle management. In: Duffy, V.G. (ed.) ICDHM 2007. LNCS, vol. 4561, pp. 372–381. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73321-8_43
Dow, S.P., Glassco, A., Kass, J., Schwarz, M., Schwartz, D.L., Klemmer, S.R.: Parallel prototyping leads to better design results, more divergence, and increased self-efficacy. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. (TOCHI) 17(4), 18 (2010)
Dow, S.P., Heddleston, K., Klemmer, S.R.: The efficacy of prototyping under time constraints. In: Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Creativity and Cognition, pp. 165–174. ACM (2009)
Drezner, J.A., Huang, M.: On prototyping (2009)
Duffy, V.G.: Modified virtual build methodology for computer-aided ergonomics and safety. Hum. Factors Ergon. Manuf. Serv. Ind. 17(5), 413–422 (2007)
Duffy, V.G.: Handbook of Digital Human Modeling: Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2016)
Ferrise, F., Bordegoni, M., Cugini, U.: Interactive virtual prototypes for testing the interaction with new products. Comput.-Aided Des. Appl. 10(3), 515–525 (2013)
Gawron, V.J., Drury, C.G., Fairbanks, R.J., Berger, R.C.: Medical error and human factors engineering: where are we now? Am. J. Med. Qual. 21(1), 57–67 (2006)
Gerber, E., Carroll, M.: The psychological experience of prototyping. Des. Stud. 33(1), 64–84 (2012)
Hall, R.R.: Prototyping for usability of new technology. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 55(4), 485–501 (2001)
Hamon, C.L., Green, M.G., Dunlap, B., Camburn, B.A., Crawford, R.H., Jensen, D.D.: Virtual or physical prototypes development and testing of a prototyping planning tool. Technical report, Air Force Academy United States (2014)
Hauser, J.R., Clausing, D., et al.: The house of quality (1988)
Horváth, I., Du Bois, E.: Using modular abstract prototypes as evolving research means in design inclusive research. In: ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, pp. 475–486. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2012)
Jönsson, A.: Lean prototyping of multi-body and mechatronic systems. Ph.D. thesis, Blekinge Institute of Technology (2004)
Kantowitz, B.H., Sorkin, R.D.: Human factors: understanding people-system relationships. Wiley, Hoboken (1983)
Knuth, J.: Material increase manufacturing by rapid prototyping technique. Ann. CIPP 40(2), 603–604 (1999)
Kuutti, K., et al.: Virtual prototypes in usability testing. In: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, p. 7. IEEE (2001)
Lämkull, D., Hanson, L., Örtengren, R.: A comparative study of digital human modelling simulation results and their outcomes in reality: a case study within manual assembly of automobiles. Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 39(2), 428–441 (2009)
Lauff, C., Menold, J., Wood, K.L.: Prototyping canvas: design tool for planning purposeful prototypes. In: Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design, vol. 1, pp. 1563–1572. Cambridge University Press (2019)
Lauff, C.A., Kotys-Schwartz, D., Rentschler, M.E.: What is a prototype? What are the roles of prototypes in companies? J. Mech. Des. 140(6), 061102 (2018)
Lee, Y.G., et al.: Immersive modeling system (IMMS) for personal electronic products using a multi-modal interface. Comput.-Aided Des. 42(5), 387–401 (2010)
Lim, Y.K., Stolterman, E., Tenenberg, J.: The anatomy of prototypes: prototypes as filters, prototypes as manifestations of design ideas. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. (TOCHI) 15(2), 7 (2008)
Menold, J., Jablokow, K., Simpson, T.: Prototype for X (PFX): a holistic framework for structuring prototyping methods to support engineering design. Des. Stud. 50, 70–112 (2017)
Moe, R., Jensen, D.D., Wood, K.L.: Prototype partitioning based on requirement flexibility. In: ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, pp. 65–77. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2004)
Mutambara, A.G., Durrant-Whyte, H.: Estimation and control for a modular wheeled mobile robot. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 8(1), 35–46 (2000)
Neeley, W.L., Lim, K., Zhu, A., Yang, M.C.: Building fast to think faster: exploiting rapid prototyping to accelerate ideation during early stage design. In: ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, p. V005T06A022. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2013)
Nilsson, S., Johansson, B.: A cognitive systems engineering perspective on the design of mixed reality systems. In: Proceedings of the 13th Eurpoean Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics: Trust and Control in Complex Socio-Technical Systems, pp. 154–161. ACM (2006)
Otto, K.N., et al.: Product Design: Techniques in Reverse Engineering and New Product Development. Tsinghua University Press Co., Ltd., Beijing (2003)
Pahl, G., Beitz, W.: Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)
Petrakis, K., Hird, A., Wodehouse, A.: The concept of purposeful prototyping: towards a new kind of taxonomic classification. In: Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design, vol. 1, pp. 1643–1652. Cambridge University Press (2019)
Pham, D.T., Gault, R.S.: A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 38(10–11), 1257–1287 (1998)
Pontonnier, C., Dumont, G., Samani, A., Madeleine, P., Badawi, M.: Designing and evaluating a workstation in real and virtual environment: toward virtual reality based ergonomic design sessions. J. Multimodal User Interfaces 8(2), 199–208 (2014)
Stowe, D.: Investigating the role of prototyping in mechanical design using case study validation (2008)
Sundin, A., Örtengren, R.: Digital human modeling for CAE applications. In: Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, pp. 1053–1078 (2006)
Thomke, S., Bell, D.E.: Sequential testing in product development. Manag. Sci. 47(2), 308–323 (2001)
Thomke, S.H.: Experimentation Matters: Unlocking the Potential of New Technologies for Innovation. Harvard Business Press, Cambridge (2003)
Tseng, M.M., Jiao, J., Su, C.J.: A framework of virtual design for product customization. In: 1997 IEEE 6th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation Proceedings, EFTA 1997, pp. 7–14. IEEE (1997)
Ullman, D.G.: The Mechanical Design Process: Part 1. McGraw-Hill, New York (2010)
Ulrich, K.T., Eppinger, S.D.: Concept Selection. Product Design and Development, 5th edn., vol. 1, pp. 145–161. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Philadelphia (2012)
Verlinden, J., Horváth, I.: Analyzing opportunities for using interactive augmented prototyping in design practice. AI EDAM 23(3), 289–303 (2009)
Virzi, R.A., Sokolov, J.L., Karis, D.: Usability problem identification using both low-and high-fidelity prototypes. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 236–243. ACM (1996)
Viswanathan, V.K., Linsey, J.S.: Role of sunk cost in engineering idea generation: an experimental investigation. J. Mech. Des. 135(12), 121002 (2013)
Walker, M., Takayama, L., Landay, J.A.: High-fidelity or low-fidelity, paper or computer? Choosing attributes when testing web prototypes. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 46, pp. 661–665. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles (2002)
Wall, M.B., Ulrich, K.T., Flowers, W.C.: Evaluating prototyping technologies for product design. Res. Eng. Des. 3(3), 163–177 (1992)
Ward, S.: Getting feedback from users early in the design process: a case study. In: Ergonomics: The Fundamental Design Science, Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Ergonomics Society of Australia, pp. 22–29. The Ergonomics Society of Australia Canberra (1994)
Waterman, N.A., Dickens, P.: Rapid product development in the USA, Europe and Japan. World Class Des. Manuf. 1(3), 27–36 (1994)
Wickens, C.D., Gordon, S.E., Liu, Y., et al.: An introduction to human factors engineering (1998)
Yan, X., Gu, P.: A review of rapid prototyping technologies and systems. Comput.-Aided Des. 28(4), 307–318 (1996)
Zhang, X., Chaffin, D.B.: Digital human modeling for computer-aided ergonomics. Handbook of Occupational Ergonomics, pp. 1–20. Taylor & Francis, London (2005)
Ziolek, S.A., Kruithof Jr., P.C.: Human modeling & simulation: a primer for practitioners. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 44, pp. 825–827. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles (2000)
Zorriassatine, F., Wykes, C., Parkin, R., Gindy, N.: A survey of virtual prototyping techniques for mechanical product development. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B: J. Eng. Manuf. 217(4), 513–530 (2003)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ahmed, S., Demirel, H.O. (2020). House of Prototyping Guidelines: A Framework to Develop Theoretical Prototyping Strategies for Human-Centered Design. In: Marcus, A., Rosenzweig, E. (eds) Design, User Experience, and Usability. Interaction Design. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12200. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49713-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49713-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49712-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49713-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)