Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the network of information dissemination that emerges from group communication in the increasingly popular WhatsApp platform. We aim to reveal properties of the underlying structure that facilitates content spread in the system, despite limitations the application imposes in group membership. Our analyses reveal a number of strongly connected user communities that cross the boundaries of groups, suggesting that such boundaries offer little constraint to information spread. We also show that, despite frequent changes in community membership, there are consistent co-sharing activities among some users which, even while holding broad content diversity, lead to high coverage of the network in terms of groups and individual users.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Indeed, our data contains only cellular phone numbers. Thus, we are not able to identify the same user with multiple phone numbers.
References
Abbe, E.: Community detection and stochastic block models: recent developments. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 18, 6446–6531 (2017)
Agrawal, K., Garg, S., Patel, P.: Spatio-temporal outlier detection technique. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Commun. 6, 330–337 (2015)
Barabási, A.L., et al.: Network Science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2016)
Benson, A.R., Abebe, R., Schaub, M.T., Jadbabaie, A., Kleinberg, J.: Simplicial closure and higher-order link prediction. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 11221–11230 (2018)
Benson, A.R., Kumar, R., Tomkins, A.: Sequences of sets. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining (2018)
Blondel, V.D., Guillaume, J.L., Lambiotte, R., Lefebvre, E.: Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J. Stat. Mech: Theory Exp. 2008, 10008 (2008)
Bursztyn, V.S., Birnbaum, L.: Thousands of small, constant rallies: a large-scale analysis of partisan Whatsapp groups. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (2019)
Caetano, J.A., Magno, G., Gonçalves, M.A., Almeida, J.M., Marques-Neto, H.T., Almeida, V.A.F.: Characterizing attention cascades in whatsapp groups. In: Boldi, P., Welles, B.F., Kinder-Kurlanda, K., Wilson, C., Peters, I., Jr., W.M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, pp. 27–36 (2019)
Coscia, M., Neffke, F.M.: Network backboning with noisy data. In: 2017 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE) (2018)
Gomes Ferreira, C.H., de Sousa Matos, B., Almeira, J.M.: Analyzing dynamic ideological communities in congressional voting networks. In: Staab, S., Koltsova, O., Ignatov, D.I. (eds.) SocInfo 2018. LNCS, vol. 11185, pp. 257–273. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01129-1_16
Ferreira, C.H., Murai, F., de Souza Matos, B., de Almeida, J.M.: Modeling dynamic ideological behavior in political networks. J. Web Sci. 1, 1–14 (2019)
Fortunato, S., Hric, D.: Community detection in networks: a user guide. Phys. Rep. 659, 1–44 (2016)
de Freitas Melo, P., Vieira, C.C., Garimella, K., de Melo, P.O.S.V., Benevenuto, F.: Can Whatsapp counter misinformation by limiting message forwarding? In: Cherifi, H., Gaito, S., Mendes, J.F., Moro, E., Rocha, L.M. (eds.) COMPLEX NETWORKS 2019. SCI, vol. 881, pp. 372–384. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36687-2_31
Fu, X., Yu, S., Benson, A.R.: Modelling and analysis of tagging networks in stack exchange communities. J. Complex Netw. (2019)
Ghalmane, Z., Cherifi, C., Cherifi, H., El Hassouni, M.: Centrality in complex networks with overlapping community structure. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–29 (2019)
Gilbert, F., Simonetto, P., Zaidi, F., Jourdan, F., Bourqui, R.: Communities and hierarchical structures in dynamic social networks: analysis and visualization. Soc. Netw. Anal. Min 1, 83–95 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-010-0002-8
Girvan, M., Newman, M.E.: Community structure in social and biological networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 7821–7826 (2002)
Goel, V.: How whatsapp leads mobs to murder in India, July 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/07/18/technology/whatsapp-india-killings.html. Posted on 18 July 2018
Hoffmann, T., Peel, L., Lambiotte, R., Jones, N.S.: Community detection in networks without observing edges. Sci. Adv. 6(4), eaav1478 (2020)
Jaccard, P.: Etude de la distribution florale dans une portion des alpes et du jura. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, pp. 547–579 (1901)
Jégou, H., Douze, M., Schmid, C.: Product quantization for nearest neighbor search. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 33, 117–128 (2011)
Kietzmann, J.H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I.P., Silvestre, B.S.: Social media? Get serious! understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Bus. Horiz. 54, 241–251 (2011)
Kordopatis-Zilos, G., Papadopoulos, S., Patras, I., Kompatsiaris, I.: FIVR: fine-grained incident video retrieval. IEEE Trans. Multimedia 21, 2638–2652 (2019)
Kumar, R., Novak, J., Tomkins, A.: Structure and evolution of online social networks. In: Yu, P., Han, J., Faloutsos, C. (eds.) Link Mining: Models, Algorithms, and Applications. Springer, New York (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6515-8_13
Kumar, S., Shah, N.: False information on web and social media: a survey. In: Advances and Applications, Social Media Analytics (2018)
Lancichinetti, A., Fortunato, S.: Detecting the overlapping and hierarchical community structure in complex networks. New J. Phys. 11, 033015 (2009)
Magenta, M., Gragnani, J., Souza, F.: How Whatsapp is being abused in Brazil’s election, October 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-45956557. Acessed on 24 May 2020
Maros, A., Almeida, J., Benevenuto, F., Vasconcelos, M.: Analyzing the use of audio messages in Whatsapp groups. In: Proceedings of The Web Conference (2020)
Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G.S., Dean, J.: Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 26, pp. 3111–3119. Curran Associates, Inc. (2013)
Newman, M.: Network structure from rich but noisy data. Nat. Phys. 14, 542–545 (2018)
Onnela, J.P., Saramäki, J., Kertész, J., Kaski, K.: Intensity and coherence of motifs in weighted complex networks. Phys. Rev. E 71, 065103 (2005)
Papadopoulos, S., Kompatsiaris, I., Vakali, A., Spyridonos, P.: Community detection in social media. Data Min. Knowl. Disc. 24, 515–554 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-011-0224-z
Resende, G., Melo, P., C.dS. Reis, J., Vasconcelos, M., Almeida, J.M., Benevenuto, F.: Analyzing textual (mis)information shared in Whatsapp groups. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science. WebSci 2019. Association for Computing Machinery (2019)
Resende, G., Melo, P.F., Sousa, H., Messias, J., Vasconcelos, M., Almeida, J.M., Benevenuto, F.: (Mis)information dissemination in whatsapp: Gathering, analyzing and countermeasures. In: The World Wide Web Conference, WWW 2019, San Francisco, CA, USA, May 13–17, 2019, pp. 818–828. ACM (2019)
Rossetti, G., Cazabet, R.: Community discovery in dynamic networks: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR) 51, 1–37 (2018)
Rossetti, G., Pappalardo, L., Pedreschi, D., Giannotti, F.: Tiles: an online algorithm for community discovery in dynamic social networks. Mach. Learn. 106(8), 1213–1241 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-016-5582-8
Serrano, M.A., Boguna, M., Vespignani, A.: Extracting the multiscale backbone of complex weighted networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 6483–6488 (2009)
Song, J., Yang, Y., Huang, Z., Shen, H.T., Hong, R.: Multiple feature hashing for real-time large scale near-duplicate video retrieval. In: Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 423–432 (2011)
Tang, L., Liu, H., Zhang, J., Nazeri, Z.: Community evolution in dynamic multi-mode networks. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 677–685 (2008)
WhatsApp: two billion users on WhatsApp. https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000666/Two-Billion-Users-Connecting-the-World-Privately. Accessed 19 May 2020
WhatsApp: about WhatsApp (2020). https://www.whatsapp.com/about/. Accessed 19 May 2020
WhatsApp: keeping WhatsApp personal and private. https://blog.whatsapp.com/Keeping-WhatsApp-Personal-and-Private (2020). Accessed 19 May 2020
Zauner, C., Steinebach, M., Hermann, E.: Rihamark: perceptual image hash benchmarking. In: Memon, N.D., Dittmann, J., Alattar, A.M., Delp III, E.J. (eds.) Media Watermarking, Security, and Forensics III, vol. 7880. SPIE, Bellingham (2011)
Zhang, X.S., et al.: Modularity optimization in community detection of complex networks. EPL (Europhys. Lett.) 87, 38002 (2009)
Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by grants from FAPEMIG, CNPQ and CAPES.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Nobre, G.P., Ferreira, C.H.G., Almeida, J.M. (2020). Beyond Groups: Uncovering Dynamic Communities on the WhatsApp Network of Information Dissemination. In: Aref, S., et al. Social Informatics. SocInfo 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12467. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60975-7_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60975-7_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-60974-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-60975-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)