Skip to main content

Natural Language Understanding (NLU) on the Edge

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Human Interaction, Emerging Technologies and Future Applications IV (IHIET-AI 2021)

Part of the book series: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ((AISC,volume 1378))

Abstract

Today, chatbots have evolved to include artificial intelligence and machine learning, such as Natural Language Understanding (NLU). NLU models are trained and run on remote servers because the resource requirements are large and must be scalable. However, people are increasingly concerned about protecting their data. To be efficient, the current NLU models use the latest technologies, which are increasingly large and resource-intensive. These models must therefore run on powerful servers to function. The solution would therefore be to perform the inference part of the NLU model directly on edge, on the client’s browser. We used a pre-trained TensorFlow.js model, which allows us to embed this model in the client’s browser and run the NLU. The model achieved an accuracy of more than 80%. The primary outcomes of NLU on edge show an effective and possible foundation for further development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Jung, S.: Semantic vector learning for natural language understanding. Comput. Speech Lang. 56, 130–145 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ramesh, K., Ravishankaran, S., Joshi, A., Chandrasekaran, K.: A survey of design techniques for conversational agents. In: Information, Communication and Computing Technology, pp. 336–350. Springer Singapore (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Rahman, A.M., Mamun, A.A., Islam, A.: Programming challenges of chatbot: current and future prospective. In: 2017 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), pp. 75–78 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Adamopoulou, E., Moussiades, L.: An overview of chatbot technology. In: Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations, pp. 373–383. Springer International Publishing (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Spring, T., Casas, J., Daher, K., Mugellini, E., Abou Khaled, O.: Empathic response generation in chatbots. In: Proceedings of the 4th Swiss Text Analytics Conference (SwissText 2019), CEUR-WS, Winterthur (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Baji, T.: Evolution of the GPU device widely used in ai and massive parallel processing. In: 2018 IEEE 2nd Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference (EDTM), pp. 7–9 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Halevy, A., Norvig, P., Pereira, F.: The unreasonable effectiveness of data. IEEE Intell. Syst. 24, 8–12 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ma, Y., Xiang, D., Zheng, S., Tian, D., Liu, X.: Moving deep learning into web browser: how far can we go? In: The World Wide Web Conference, pp. 1234–1244. Association for Computing Machinery, New York (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chen, J., Ran, X.: Deep learning with edge computing: a review. Proc. IEEE. 107, 1655–1674 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Internet of Things - active connections worldwide 2015–2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1101442/iot-number-of-connected-devices-worldwide/

  11. Smilkov, D., Thorat, N., Assogba, Y., Yuan, A., Kreeger, N., Yu, P., Zhang, K., Cai, S., Nielsen, E., Soergel, D., Bileschi, S., Terry, M., Nicholson, C., Gupta, S.N., Sirajuddin, S., Sculley, D., Monga, R., Corrado, G., Viégas, F.B., Wattenberg, M.: TensorFlow.js: Machine Learning for the Web and Beyond (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Abadi, M., Agarwal, A., Barham, P., Brevdo, E., Chen, Z., Citro, C., Corrado, G.S., Davis, A., Dean, J., Devin, M., Ghemawat, S., Goodfellow, I., Harp, A., Irving, G., Isard, M., Jia, Y., Jozefowicz, R., Kaiser, L., Kudlur, M., Levenberg, J., Mane, D., Monga, R., Moore, S., Murray, D., Olah, C., Schuster, M., Shlens, J., Steiner, B., Sutskever, I., Talwar, K., Tucker, P., Vanhoucke, V., Vasudevan, V., Viegas, F., Vinyals, O., Warden, P., Wattenberg, M., Wicke, M., Yu, Y., Zheng, X.: TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Distributed Systems (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Universal Sentence Encoder lite converted for Tensorflow.js. https://github.com/tensorflow/tfjs-models/tree/master/universal-sentence-encoder

  14. Toxicity Classifier. https://github.com/tensorflow/tfjs-models/tree/master/toxicity

  15. Universal Sentence Encoder lite. https://tfhub.dev/google/universal-sentence-encoder-lite/2

  16. Cer, D., Yang, Y., Kong, S.-Y., Hua, N., Limtiaco, N., St. John, R., Constant, N., Guajardo-Cespedes, M., Yuan, S., Tar, C., Sung, Y.-H., Strope, B., Kurzweil, R.: Universal Sentence Encoder (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Load Graph Model. https://js.tensorflow.org/api/1.0.0/#loadGraphModel

  18. Howard, J., Ruder, S.: Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sanh, V., Debut, L., Chaumond, J., Wolf, T.: DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Wikipedia contributors: Cosine similarity — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Paszke, A., Gross, S., Massa, F., Lerer, A., Bradbury, J., Chanan, G., Killeen, T., Lin, Z., Gimelshein, N., Antiga, L., Desmaison, A., Kopf, A., Yang, E., DeVito, Z., Raison, M., Tejani, A., Chilamkurthy, S., Steiner, B., Fang, L., Bai, J., Chintala, S.: PyTorch: an imperative style, high-performance deep learning library. In: Wallach, H., Larochelle, H., Beygelzimer, A., d’Alché-Buc, F., Fox, E., Garnett, R. (eds.) Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, pp. 8026–8037. Curran Associates, Inc. (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Wikipedia contributors: Softmax function — Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Tensorflow for JS, Platform and environment. https://www.tensorflow.org/js/guide/platform_environment

  24. Sklearn metrics. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/classes.html#module-sklearn.metrics

  25. Bunk, T., Varshneya, D., Vlasov, V., Nichol, A.: DIET: Lightweight Language Understanding for Dialogue Systems (2020)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicolas Crausaz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Crausaz, N., Casas, J., Daher, K., Abou Khaled, O., Mugellini, E. (2021). Natural Language Understanding (NLU) on the Edge. In: Ahram, T., Taiar, R., Groff, F. (eds) Human Interaction, Emerging Technologies and Future Applications IV. IHIET-AI 2021. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1378. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74009-2_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics