Abstract
This paper presents an investigation on the task of anomaly detection for images of skin lesions. The goal is to provide a decision support system with an extra filtering layer to inform users if a classifier should not be used for a given sample. We tested anomaly detectors based on autoencoders and three discrimination methods: feature vector distance, replicator neural networks, and support vector data description fine-tuning. Results show that neural-based detectors can perfectly discriminate between skin lesions and open world images, but class discrimination cannot easily be accomplished and requires further investigation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Brinker, T.J., Hekler, A., Enk, A.H., et al.: Deep learning outperformed 136 of 157 dermatologists in a head-to-head dermoscopic melanoma image classification task. Eur. J. Cancer 113, 47–54 (2019)
Celebi, M.E., Codella, N., Halpern, A.: Dermoscopy image analysis: overview and future directions. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf. 23(2), 474–478 (2019)
Chandola, V., Banerjee, A., Kumar, V.: Anomaly detection: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 41(3), 15:1-15:58 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1145/1541880.1541882
Chong, P., Ruff, L., Kloft, M., Binder, A.: Simple and effective prevention of mode collapse in deep one-class classification. In: 2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN48605.2020.9207209
Codella, N., et al.: Skin Lesion Analysis Toward Melanoma Detection 2018: A Challenge Hosted by the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC), February 2019. arXiv:1902.03368
Codella, N.C.F., et al.: Skin Lesion Analysis Toward Melanoma Detection: A Challenge at the 2017 International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), Hosted by the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC), October 2017. arXiv:1710.05006
Codella, N.C.F., et al.: Skin lesion analysis toward melanoma detection: a challenge at the 2017 International symposium on biomedical imaging (ISBI), hosted by the international skin imaging collaboration (ISIC). In: 2018 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2018), pp. 168–172. IEEE, Washington, DC, April 2018. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8363547/
Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.J., Li, K., Li, F.-F.: ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 248–255. IEEE, Miami, FL, June 2009. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5206848/
Esteva, A., et al.: Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks. Nature 542, 115 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21056
Gessert, N., Nielsen, M., Shaikh, M., Werner, R., Schlaefer, A.: Skin lesion classification using ensembles of multi-resolution EfficientNets with meta data. MethodsX 7, 100864 (2020)
Giotis, I., Molders, N., Land, S., Biehl, M., Jonkman, M.F., Petkov, N.: MED-NODE: a computer-assisted melanoma diagnosis system using non-dermoscopic images. Expert Syst. App. 42(19), 6578–6585 (2015)
Hawkins, S., He, H., Williams, G., Baxter, R.: Outlier detection using replicator neural networks. In: Kambayashi, Y., Winiwarter, W., Arikawa, M. (eds.) DaWaK 2002. LNCS, vol. 2454, pp. 170–180. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46145-0_17
Holzinger, A., Malle, B., Saranti, A., Pfeifer, B.: Towards multi-modal causability with graph neural networks enabling information fusion for explainable AI. Inf. Fusion 71, 28–37 (2021)
Kawahara, J., Hamarneh, G.: Visual Diagnosis of Dermatological Disorders: Human and Machine Performance, June 2019. arXiv:1906.01256
LeCun, Y., et al.: Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition. Neural Comput. 1(4), 541–551 (1989)
Lecun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., Haffner, P.: Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc. IEEE 86(11), 2278–2324 (1998)
Lee, K., Lee, K., Lee, H., Shin, J.: A simple unified framework for detecting out-of-distribution samples and adversarial attacks (2018)
Li, X., Lu, Y., Desrosiers, C., Liu, X.: Out-of-distribution detection for skin lesion images with deep isolation forest. In: Liu, M., Yan, P., Lian, C., Cao, X. (eds.) MLMI 2020. LNCS, vol. 12436, pp. 91–100. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59861-7_10
Lin, T.Y., et al.: Microsoft COCO: common objects in context. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8693, pp. 740–755. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48
Pang, G., Shen, C., Cao, L., Hengel, A.V.D.: Deep learning for anomaly detection. ACM Comput. Surv. 54(2), 1–38 (2021)
Ruff, L., et al.: Deep one-class classification. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, vol. 80, pp. 4393–4402. PMLR, Stockholm, Sweden, July 2018. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/ruff18a.html
Schölkopf, B., Platt, J.C., Shawe-Taylor, J., Smola, A.J., Williamson, R.C.: Estimating the support of a high-dimensional distribution. Neural Comput. 13(7), 1443–1471 (2001)
Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A.: Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition, September 2014. arXiv:1409.1556
Tschandl, P., Rosendahl, C., Kittler, H.: The HAM10000 dataset, a large collection of multi-source dermatoscopic images of common pigmented skin lesions. Sci. Data 5(1), 180161 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.161
Acknowledgements
This research is partly funded by the pAItient project (BMG) and the Endowed Chair of Applied Artificial Intelligence (Oldenburg University).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing
About this paper
Cite this paper
Nunnari, F., Alam, H.M.T., Sonntag, D. (2021). Anomaly Detection for Skin Lesion Images Using Replicator Neural Networks. In: Holzinger, A., Kieseberg, P., Tjoa, A.M., Weippl, E. (eds) Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction. CD-MAKE 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12844. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84060-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84060-0_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84059-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84060-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)