Skip to main content

Anomaly Detection for Skin Lesion Images Using Replicator Neural Networks

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Book cover Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (CD-MAKE 2021)

Abstract

This paper presents an investigation on the task of anomaly detection for images of skin lesions. The goal is to provide a decision support system with an extra filtering layer to inform users if a classifier should not be used for a given sample. We tested anomaly detectors based on autoencoders and three discrimination methods: feature vector distance, replicator neural networks, and support vector data description fine-tuning. Results show that neural-based detectors can perfectly discriminate between skin lesions and open world images, but class discrimination cannot easily be accomplished and requires further investigation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://isdis.org/.

  2. 2.

    https://www.isic-archive.com/.

  3. 3.

    https://challenge.isic-archive.com/landing/2019.

  4. 4.

    https://challenge.isic-archive.com/leaderboards/2019.

  5. 5.

    https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html.

References

  1. Brinker, T.J., Hekler, A., Enk, A.H., et al.: Deep learning outperformed 136 of 157 dermatologists in a head-to-head dermoscopic melanoma image classification task. Eur. J. Cancer 113, 47–54 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Celebi, M.E., Codella, N., Halpern, A.: Dermoscopy image analysis: overview and future directions. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf. 23(2), 474–478 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chandola, V., Banerjee, A., Kumar, V.: Anomaly detection: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 41(3), 15:1-15:58 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1145/1541880.1541882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chong, P., Ruff, L., Kloft, M., Binder, A.: Simple and effective prevention of mode collapse in deep one-class classification. In: 2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN48605.2020.9207209

  5. Codella, N., et al.: Skin Lesion Analysis Toward Melanoma Detection 2018: A Challenge Hosted by the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC), February 2019. arXiv:1902.03368

  6. Codella, N.C.F., et al.: Skin Lesion Analysis Toward Melanoma Detection: A Challenge at the 2017 International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), Hosted by the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC), October 2017. arXiv:1710.05006

  7. Codella, N.C.F., et al.: Skin lesion analysis toward melanoma detection: a challenge at the 2017 International symposium on biomedical imaging (ISBI), hosted by the international skin imaging collaboration (ISIC). In: 2018 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2018), pp. 168–172. IEEE, Washington, DC, April 2018. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8363547/

  8. Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.J., Li, K., Li, F.-F.: ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 248–255. IEEE, Miami, FL, June 2009. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5206848/

  9. Esteva, A., et al.: Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks. Nature 542, 115 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Gessert, N., Nielsen, M., Shaikh, M., Werner, R., Schlaefer, A.: Skin lesion classification using ensembles of multi-resolution EfficientNets with meta data. MethodsX 7, 100864 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Giotis, I., Molders, N., Land, S., Biehl, M., Jonkman, M.F., Petkov, N.: MED-NODE: a computer-assisted melanoma diagnosis system using non-dermoscopic images. Expert Syst. App. 42(19), 6578–6585 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hawkins, S., He, H., Williams, G., Baxter, R.: Outlier detection using replicator neural networks. In: Kambayashi, Y., Winiwarter, W., Arikawa, M. (eds.) DaWaK 2002. LNCS, vol. 2454, pp. 170–180. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46145-0_17

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Holzinger, A., Malle, B., Saranti, A., Pfeifer, B.: Towards multi-modal causability with graph neural networks enabling information fusion for explainable AI. Inf. Fusion 71, 28–37 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kawahara, J., Hamarneh, G.: Visual Diagnosis of Dermatological Disorders: Human and Machine Performance, June 2019. arXiv:1906.01256

  15. LeCun, Y., et al.: Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition. Neural Comput. 1(4), 541–551 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lecun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., Haffner, P.: Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc. IEEE 86(11), 2278–2324 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee, K., Lee, K., Lee, H., Shin, J.: A simple unified framework for detecting out-of-distribution samples and adversarial attacks (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Li, X., Lu, Y., Desrosiers, C., Liu, X.: Out-of-distribution detection for skin lesion images with deep isolation forest. In: Liu, M., Yan, P., Lian, C., Cao, X. (eds.) MLMI 2020. LNCS, vol. 12436, pp. 91–100. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59861-7_10

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Lin, T.Y., et al.: Microsoft COCO: common objects in context. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8693, pp. 740–755. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Pang, G., Shen, C., Cao, L., Hengel, A.V.D.: Deep learning for anomaly detection. ACM Comput. Surv. 54(2), 1–38 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ruff, L., et al.: Deep one-class classification. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, vol. 80, pp. 4393–4402. PMLR, Stockholm, Sweden, July 2018. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/ruff18a.html

  22. Schölkopf, B., Platt, J.C., Shawe-Taylor, J., Smola, A.J., Williamson, R.C.: Estimating the support of a high-dimensional distribution. Neural Comput. 13(7), 1443–1471 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A.: Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition, September 2014. arXiv:1409.1556

  24. Tschandl, P., Rosendahl, C., Kittler, H.: The HAM10000 dataset, a large collection of multi-source dermatoscopic images of common pigmented skin lesions. Sci. Data 5(1), 180161 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.161

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research is partly funded by the pAItient project (BMG) and the Endowed Chair of Applied Artificial Intelligence (Oldenburg University).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fabrizio Nunnari .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Nunnari, F., Alam, H.M.T., Sonntag, D. (2021). Anomaly Detection for Skin Lesion Images Using Replicator Neural Networks. In: Holzinger, A., Kieseberg, P., Tjoa, A.M., Weippl, E. (eds) Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction. CD-MAKE 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12844. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84060-0_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84060-0_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84059-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84060-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics