Abstract
Cardiac motion estimation plays an essential role in motion-compensated cardiac Magnetic Resonance (MR) image reconstruction. In this work, we propose a robust and lightweight self-supervised deep learning registration framework, termed MRAFT, to estimate non-rigid cardiac motion. The proposed framework combines an efficient architecture with a novel degradation-restoration (DR) loss term, and an enhancement mask derived from a pre-trained segmentation network. This framework enables the prediction of both small and large cardiac motion more precisely, and allows us to handle through-plane motion in a 2D registration setting via the DR loss. The quantitative and qualitative experiments on a retrospective cohort of 42 in-house acquired 2D cardiac CINE MRIs indicate that the proposed method outperforms the competing approaches substantially, with more than 25% reduction in residual photometric error, and up to 100\(\times \) faster inference speed compared to conventional methods.
T. Küstner and K. Hammernik—Equal contribution.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Schmidt, M., et al.: Novel highly accelerated real-time CINE-MRI featuring compressed sensing with k-t regularization in comparison to TSENSE segmented and real-time Cine imaging. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 15, P36 (2013)
Hansen, M.S., Sorensen, T.S., Arai, A.E., Kellman, P.: Retrospective reconstruction of high temporal resolution cine images from real-time MRI using iterative motion correction. Magn. Reson. Med. 68(3), 741–750 (2012)
Feng, L., et al.: 5D whole-heart sparse MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 79(2), 826–838 (2018)
Coppo, S., et al.: Free-running 4D whole-heart self-navigated golden angle MRI: initial results. Magn. Reson. Med. 74(5), 1306–16 (2015)
Usman M., Ruijsink B., Nazir, et al. Free breathing whole-heart 3D CINE MRI with self-gated Cartesian trajectory. Magn Reson Imaging, 38:129–137, 2017
Küstner, T., Bustin, A., et al.: Fully self-gated free-running 3D Cartesian cardiac CINE with isotropic whole-heart coverage in less than 2 min. NMR Biomed. 34(1), e4409 (2021)
Liu, F., Li, D., Jin, X., Qiu, W., Xia, Q., Sun, B.: Dynamic cardiac MRI reconstruction using motion aligned locally low rank tensor (MALLRT). Magn. Reson. Imaging 66, 104–115 (2020)
Mohsin, Y.Q., Poddar, S., Jacob, M.: Free-breathing and ungated cardiac MRI using iterative SToRM (i-SToRM). IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 38(10), 2303–2313 (2019)
Lingala, S.G., Hu, Y., DiBella, E., Jacob, M.: Accelerated dynamic MRI exploiting sparsity and low-rank structure: k-t SLR. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 30(5), 1042–1054 (2011)
Mohsin, Y.Q., Lingala, S.G., DiBella, E., Jacob, M.: Accelerated dynamic MRI using patch regularization for implicit motion compensation. Magn. Reson. Med. 77(3), 1238–1248 (2017)
Küstner, T., Bustin, A., Jaubert, O., Hajhosseiny, R., Masci, P.G., Neji, R., Botnar, R., Prieto, C.: Isotropic 3D Cartesian single breath-hold CINE MRI with multi-bin patch-based low-rank reconstruction. Magn. Reson. Med. 84(4), 2018–2033 (2020)
Batchelor, P.G., Atkinson, D., Irarrazaval, P., Hill, D.L.G., Hajnal J., Larkman. D.: Matrix description of general motion correction applied to multishot images. Magn. Reson. Med. 54(5), 1273–1280 (2005)
Odille, F., Vuissoz, P.A., Marie, P.Y., et al.: Generalized reconstruction by inversion of coupled systems (GRICS) applied to free-breathing MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 60(1), 146–157 (2008)
Bustin, A., et al.: 3D whole-heart isotropic sub-millimeter resolution coronary magnetic resonance angiography with non-rigid motion-compensated PROST. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 22, 24 (2020)
Thirion, J.P.: Image matching as a diffusion process: an analogy with Maxwell’s demons. Med. Image Anal. 2(3), 243–260 (1998)
Rueckert, D., Sonoda, L.I., Hayes, C., et al.: Nonrigid registration using free-form deformations: application to breast MR images. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 18(8), 712–721 (1999)
Vercauteren, T., Pennec, X., Perchant, A., Ayache, N.: Diffeomorphic demons: efficient non-parametric image registration. Neuroimage 45(1), 61–72 (2009)
Modat, M., Ridgway, G.R., Taylor, Z.A., et al.: Fast free-form deformation using graphics processing units. Comput. Meth. Prog. Bio. 98(3), 278–284 (2010)
Klein, S., Staring, M., Murphy, K., Viergever, M.A., Pluim, J.P.: Elastix: a toolbox for intensity-based medical image registration. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 29(1), 196–205 (2010)
Horn, B.K., Schunck, B.G.: Determining optical flow. Artif. Intell. 17(1), 185–203 (1981)
Brox, T., Bruhn, A., Papenberg, N., Weickert, J.: High accuracy optical flow estimation based on a theory for warping. In: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), pp. 25–36 (2004)
Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., Brox, T.: U-Net: convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation. In: Navab, N., Hornegger, J., Wells, W.M., Frangi, A.F. (eds.) MICCAI 2015. LNCS, vol. 9351, pp. 234–241. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28
Dosovitskiy, A., Fischer, P., Ilg, E., et al.: Flownet: learning optical flow with convolutional networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 2758–2766 (2015)
Qin, C., et al.: Joint learning of motion estimation and segmentation for cardiac MR image sequences. In: International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI), Springer, pp. 472–480 (2018)
Morales, M., Izquierdo-Garcia, D., Aganj, I., Kalpathy-Cramer, J., Rosen, B., Catana, C.: Implementation and validation of a three-dimensional cardiac motion estimation network. Radiol. Artif. Intell. 1(4):e180080 (2019)
Zheng, Q., Delingette, H., Ayache, N.: Explainable cardiac pathology classification on cine MRI with motion characterization by semi-supervised learning of apparent flow. Med. Image Anal. 56, 80–95 (2019)
Qi, H., et al.: Non-rigid respiratory motion estimation of whole-heart coronary MR images using unsupervised deep learning. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 41(1), 444–454 (2021)
Sun, D., Yang, X., Liu, M., Kautz J. PWC-Net: CNNs for optical flow using pyramid, warping, and cost volume. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 8934–8943 (2018)
Liu, P., King, I., Lyu, M.R., Xu, J.: DDflow: learning optical flow with unlabeled data distillation. In: The AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 33, no. 1 (2019)
Yu, H., Chen, X., Shi, H., Chen, T., Huang, T.S., Sun, S.: Motion pyramid networks for accurate and efficient cardiac motion estimation. In: Martel, A.L., et al. (eds.) MICCAI 2020. LNCS, vol. 12266, pp. 436–446. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59725-2_42
Jonschkowski, R., Stone, A., Barron, J.T., Gordon, A., Konolige, K., Angelova, A.: What matters in unsupervised optical flow. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.04902 (2020)
Teed, Z., Deng, J.: RAFT: recurrent all-pairs field transforms for optical flow. In: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), pp. 402–419 (2020)
Bai, W., et al.: Automated cardiovascular magnetic resonance image analysis with fully convolutional networks. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 20, 65 (2018)
Loshchilov, I., Hutter, F.: Decoupled weight decay regularization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.05101 (2017)
Sun, D., Roth, S., Black, M.J.: A quantitative analysis of current practices in optical flow estimation and the principles behind them. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 106(2), 115–137 (2014)
Zhou, W., Bovik, A.C., Sheikh, H.R., et al.: Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13(4), 600–612 (2004)
Lopez-Perez, A., Sebastian, R., Ferrero, J.M.: Three-dimensional cardiac computational modelling: methods, features and applications. Biomed. Eng. 14(1), 35 (2015)
Baker, S., Scharstein, D., Lewis, J., Roth, S., Black, M.J., Szeliski, R.: A database and evaluation methodology for optical flow. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 92(1), 1–31 (2011)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the European Research Council (Grant Agreement no. 884622).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
1 Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Pan, J., Rueckert, D., Küstner, T., Hammernik, K. (2021). Efficient Image Registration Network for Non-Rigid Cardiac Motion Estimation. In: Haq, N., Johnson, P., Maier, A., Würfl, T., Yoo, J. (eds) Machine Learning for Medical Image Reconstruction. MLMIR 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12964. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88552-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88552-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-88551-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-88552-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)