Skip to main content

Multi-class Target Tracking Using the Semantic PHD Filter

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Robotics Research (ISRR 2019)

Part of the book series: Springer Proceedings in Advanced Robotics ((SPAR,volume 20))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

In order for a mobile robot to be able to effectively operate in complex, dynamic environments it must be capable of understanding both where and what the objects around them are. In this paper we introduce the semantic probability hypothesis density (SPHD) filter, which allows robots to simultaneously track multiple classes of targets despite measurement uncertainty, including false positive detections, false negative detections, measurement noise, and target misclassification. The SPHD filter is capable of incorporating a different motion model for each type of target and of functioning in situations where the number of targets is unknown and time-varying. We demonstrate the efficacy of the SPHD filter via simulations with multiple target types containing both static and dynamic targets. We show that the SPHD filter performs better than a collection of PHD filters running in parallel, one for each target class.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Atanasov, N., Zhu, M., Daniilidis, K., Pappas, G.J.: Semantic localization via the matrix permanent. In: Robotics: Science and Systems, vol. 2 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bahlmann, C., Zhu, Y., Comaniciu, D., Köhler, T., Pellkofer, M.: Method for combining boosted classifiers for efficient multi-class object detection. US Patent 7,769,228 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bao, S.Y., Savarese, S.: Semantic structure from motion. In: CVPR 2011, pp. 2025–2032. IEEE (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Blackman, S.S.: Multiple hypothesis tracking for multiple target tracking. IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag 19(1), 5–18 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bowman, S.L., Atanasov, N., Daniilidis, K., Pappas, G.J.: Probabilistic data association for semantic slam. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 1722–1729. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Daley, D.J., Vere-Jones, D.: An Introduction to the Theory of Point Processes: Volume I: Elementary Theory and Methods. Springer, New York (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dames, P., Kumar, V.: Autonomous localization of an unknown number of targets without data association using teams of mobile sensors. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 12(3), 850–864 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dames, P., Kumar, V.: Experimental characterization of a bearing-only sensor for use with the PHD filter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1502.04661 (2015)

  9. Dames, P., Tokekar, P., Kumar, V.: Detecting, localizing, and tracking an unknown number of moving targets using a team of mobile robots. Int. J. Robot. Res. 36(13–14), 1540–1553 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/0278364917709507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Dames, P.M.: Distributed multi-target search and tracking using the PHD filter. Autonom. Robot. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10514-019-09840-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Fortmann, T., Bar-Shalom, Y., Scheffe, M.: Sonar tracking of multiple targets using joint probabilistic data association. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 8(3), 173–184 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gálvez-López, D., Salas, M., Tardós, J.D., Montiel, J.: Real-time monocular object SLAM. Robot. Autonom. Syst. 75, 435–449 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kostavelis, I., Gasteratos, A.: Semantic mapping for mobile robotics tasks: a survey. Robot. Autonom. Syst. 66, 86–103 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kuhn, H.W.: The Hungarian method for the assignment problem. Naval Res. Logistic. Q. 2(1–2), 83–97 (1955)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Lee, C.S., Clark, D.E., Salvi, J.: SLAM with dynamic targets via single-cluster PHD filtering. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Sig. Process. 7(3), 543–552 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lin, L., Bar-Shalom, Y., Kirubarajan, T.: Track labeling and PHD filter for multitarget tracking. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 42(3), 778–795 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Mahler, R.: Multitarget Bayes filtering via first-order multitarget moments. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 39(4), 1152–1178 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Mahler, R.: Statistical Multisource-multitarget Information Fusion, vol. 685. Artech House, Boston (2007)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Moratuwage, D., Wang, D., Rao, A., Senarathne, N., Wang, H.: RFS collaborative multivehicle SLAM: SLAM in dynamic high-clutter environments. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 21(2), 53–59 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mullane, J., Vo, B.N., Adams, M.D., Vo, B.T.: A random-finite-set approach to Bayesian SLAM. IEEE Trans. Robot. 27(2), 268–282 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Munkres, J.: Algorithms for the assignment and transportation problems. J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math. 5(1), 32–38 (1957)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. Nüchter, A., Hertzberg, J.: Towards semantic maps for mobile robots. Robot. Autonom. Syst. 56(11), 915–926 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Pronobis, A., Jensfelt, P.: Large-scale semantic mapping and reasoning with heterogeneous modalities. In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 3515–3522. IEEE (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Redmon, J., Farhadi, A.: Yolov3: an incremental improvement. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.02767 (2018)

  25. Salas-Moreno, R.F., Newcombe, R.A., Strasdat, H., Kelly, P.H., Davison, A.J.: SLAM++: simultaneous localisation and mapping at the level of objects. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1352–1359 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Schuhmacher, D., Vo, B.T., Vo, B.N.: A consistent metric for performance evaluation of multi-object filters. IEEE Trans. Sig. Process. 56(8), 3447–3457 (2008)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  27. Stone, L.D., Streit, R.L., Corwin, T.L., Bell, K.L.: Bayesian Multiple Target Tracking. Artech House, Boston (2013)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Thrun, S.: Simultaneous localization and mapping. In: Jefferies, M.E., Yeap, W.K. (eds.) Robotics and Cognitive Approaches to Spatial Mapping. STAR, vol. 38, pp. 13–41. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75388-9_3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  29. Vo, B.N., Singh, S., Doucet, A., et al.: Sequential Monte Carlo implementation of the PHD filter for multi-target tracking. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Information Fusion, pp. 792–799 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Vo, B.N., Vo, B.T., Phung, D.: Labeled random finite sets and the Bayes multi-target tracking filter. IEEE Trans. Sig. Process. 62(24), 6554–6567 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  31. Vo, B.T., Vo, B.N.: Labeled random finite sets and multi-object conjugate priors. IEEE Trans. Sig. Process. 61(13), 3460–3475 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  32. Zender, H., Mozos, O.M., Jensfelt, P., Kruijff, G.J., Burgard, W.: Conceptual spatial representations for indoor mobile robots. Robot. Autonom. Syst. 56(6), 493–502 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by NSF grant IIS-1830419 and the Amazon Research Awards program. We would like to thank Zhijia Chen from Temple University for assistance with the data processing work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philip Dames .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

1 Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (zip 2337 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Chen, J., Dames, P. (2022). Multi-class Target Tracking Using the Semantic PHD Filter. In: Asfour, T., Yoshida, E., Park, J., Christensen, H., Khatib, O. (eds) Robotics Research. ISRR 2019. Springer Proceedings in Advanced Robotics, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95459-8_32

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics