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International Workshop on Rewriting Logic and its Applications

WRLA 2022: Rewriting Logic and Its Applications pp 212–229Cite as

Automating Safety Proofs About Cyber-Physical Systems Using Rewriting Modulo SMT

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Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 13252))

Abstract

Cyber-Physical Systems, such as Autonomous Vehicles (AVs), are operating with high-levels of autonomy allowing them to carry out safety-critical missions with limited human supervision. To ensure that these systems do not cause harm, their safety has to be rigorously verified. Existing works focus mostly on using simulation-based methods which execute simulations on concrete instances of logical scenarios in which systems are expected to function. The level of assurance obtained by these methods is, therefore, limited by the number of simulations that can be carried out. A complementary approach is to produce, instead, proofs that vehicles are safe for all instances of logical scenarios. This paper investigates how Rewriting modulo SMT applied to Soft Agents, a rewriting framework for the specification and verification of Cyber-Physical system, can be used to generate such proofs in an automated fashion. In particular, rewrite rules specify the executable semantics of systems on logical scenarios instead of concrete scenarios. This is accomplished by generating at each execution step a set of (non-linear) constraints whose satisfiability are checked by using SMT-solvers. Intuitively, a model of such set of constraints corresponds to a concrete execution on an instance of the corresponding logical scenario. We demonstrate how to specify and verify scenarios in this framework using an example involving a vehicle platoon. Finally, we investigate the trade-offs between how much of the verification is delegated to search engines (namely Maude) and how much is delegated to SMT-solvers (e.g., Z3).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Also called Operational Design Domain (ODD).

  2. 2.

    For the levels of autonomy, see the SAE classification described in [11].

  3. 3.

    Mathematically, a logical scenario is a term with variables. To be able to rewrite logical scenarios in Maude, we replace variables by symbols, which formally are uninterpreted constants.

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Acknowledgments

Talcott was partially supported by the U. S. Office of Naval Research under award numbers N00014-15–1-2202 and N00014-20–1-2644, and NRL grant N0017317-1-G002.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. SRI International, Menlo Park, USA

    Carolyn Talcott

  2. Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil

    Vivek Nigam

  3. Huawei Munich Research Center, Munich, Germany

    Vivek Nigam

Authors
  1. Vivek Nigam
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  2. Carolyn Talcott
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Correspondence to Vivek Nigam .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea (Republic of)

    Kyungmin Bae

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Nigam, V., Talcott, C. (2022). Automating Safety Proofs About Cyber-Physical Systems Using Rewriting Modulo SMT. In: Bae, K. (eds) Rewriting Logic and Its Applications. WRLA 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13252. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12441-9_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12441-9_11

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