Skip to main content

Detection Beyond What and Where: A Benchmark for Detecting Occlusion State

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 13537))

Abstract

Object detection is a computer vision technique that provides the most fundamental information for computer vision applications: “What objects are where?”, which has achieved significant progress thanks to the great success of deep learning in the past decade. With this kind of identification and localization, object detection is able to identify objects and track their precise locations in a scene. However, information beyond what and where is fairly desirable for more advanced applications, such as scene understanding, autonomous driving, and service robots, in which knowing the behavior or state or attribute of the objects is important. In this paper, we concern about the occlusion state of the target as well as its identification and localization, which is crucial for a service robot to keep track of a target or to grasp an object, for instance. We present a Dataset for Detecting Occlusion State of Objects (DDOSO). This benchmark aims to encourage research in developing novel and accurate methods for this challenging task. DDOSO contains 10 categories of bounding-box annotations collected from 6959 images. Based on this well-annotated dataset, we build baselines over two state-of-the-art algorithms. By releasing DDOSO, we expect to facilitate future researches on detecting the occlusion state of objects and draw more attention to object detection beyond what and where.

Thanks to the support by Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Special Project (No. Guike AD22035127).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Chen, Q., et al.: You only look one-level feature. In: 2021 CVPR, pp. 13034–13043 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Dalal, N., Triggs, B.: Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In: 2005 CVPR, vol. 1, pp. 886–893 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Deng, J., et al.: ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 CVPR (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dollár, P., Wojek, C., et al.: Pedestrian detection: an evaluation of the state of the art. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34, 743–761 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Everingham, M., et al.: The pascal visual object classes (VOC) challenge. Int. J. Comput. Vision 88, 303–338 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Feng, C., et al.: TOOD: task-aligned one-stage object detection. In: 2021 ICCV, pp. 3490–3499 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ge, Z., et al.: YOLOX: exceeding yolo series in 2021. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.08430 (2021)

  8. Girshick, R.B.: Fast R-CNN. In: 2015 ICCV, pp. 1440–1448 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Girshick, R.B., et al.: Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. In: 2014 CVPR, pp. 580–587 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  10. He, K., et al.: Mask R-CNN. In: 2017 ICCV, pp. 2980–2988 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  11. He, K., et al.: Spatial pyramid pooling in deep convolutional networks for visual recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 37, 1904–1916 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. He, K., et al.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: 2016 CVPR, pp. 770–778 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hjelmås, E., Low, B.K.: Face detection: a survey. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 83, 236–274 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Huang, G.B., et al.: Labeled faces in the wild: a database for studying face recognition in unconstrained environments (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Lao, S., et al.: Human running detection: benchmark and baseline. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 153, 143–150 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lin, T.Y., et al.: Feature pyramid networks for object detection. In: 2017 CVPR, pp. 936–944 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lin, T.Y., et al.: Focal loss for dense object detection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 42, 318–327 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Lin, T.Y., et al.: Microsoft COCO: common objects in context. In: ECCV (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Liu, L., et al.: Deep learning for generic object detection: a survey. Int. J. Comput. Vision 128, 261–318 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Liu, W., et al.: SSD: Single shot multibox detector. In: ECCV (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Liu, X., et al.: Benchmark for road marking detection: dataset specification and performance baseline. In: 2017 IEEE ITSC, pp. 1–6 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lu, V.N., et al.: Service robots, customers and service employees: what can we learn from the academic literature and where are the gaps? J. Serv. Theor. Practic. 30(3), 361–391 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Najibi, M., et al.: G-CNN: an iterative grid based object detector. In: 2016 CVPR, pp. 2369–2377 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Naudé, J.J., Joubert, D.: The aerial elephant dataset: a new public benchmark for aerial object detection. In: CVPR Workshops (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Pawar, P., Devendran, V.: Scene understanding: a survey to see the world at a single glance. In: 2019 ICCT, pp. 182–186 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Redmon, J., et al.: You only look once: unified, real-time object detection. In: 2016 CVPR, pp. 779–788 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Redmon, J., Farhadi, A.: YOLO9000: better, faster, stronger. In: 2017 CVPR, pp. 6517–6525 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ren, S., He, K., et al.: Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 39, 1137–1149 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Taeihagh, A., Lim, H.S.M.: Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks. Transp. Rev. 39, 103–128 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Wosner, O., et al.: Object detection in agricultural contexts: a multiple resolution benchmark and comparison to human. Comput. Electron. Agric. 189, 106404 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Yoo, D., et al.: AttentionNet: aggregating weak directions for accurate object detection. In: 2015 ICCV, pp. 2659–2667 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Zhao, Z.Q., et al.: Object detection with deep learning: a review. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 30, 3212–3232 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Zou, Z., et al.: Object detection in 20 years: a survey. arXiv arXiv:abs/1905.05055 (2019)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shuiwang Li .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Qin, L., Zhou, H., Wang, Z., Deng, J., Liao, Y., Li, S. (2022). Detection Beyond What and Where: A Benchmark for Detecting Occlusion State. In: Yu, S., et al. Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision. PRCV 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13537. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18916-6_38

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18916-6_38

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-18915-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-18916-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics