Abstract
The demand for safeguarding communications between people and equipment has been driven by recent breakthroughs in miniature smart data gathering devices. Traditional techniques based on key exchange protocols cannot be implemented by resource-constrained embedded devices, therefore the BlockChain-Based X3DH (BCB-X3DH) protocol, which is based on a resilient decentralization of the eXtended Triple Diffie-Hellman (X3DH) protocol, has been developed. This work extends the analysis to fit a generic Smart City scenario with Edge and IoT nodes, using intensive analysis on Raspberry Pi 3 model B+ and Raspberry Pi 4 to verify that the new protocol is not only resistant to well-known distributed attacks, but can also be executed by miniaturized hardware, saving resources, energy, and battery life.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Diffie, W., Hellman, M.: New directions in cryptography. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 22(6), 644–654 (1976)
Marlinspike, M., Perrin, T.: The x3dh key agreement protocol. Open Whisper Systems (2016)
Ruggeri, A., Celesti, A., Fazio, M., Galletta, A., Villari, M.: Bcb-x3dh: a blockchain based improved version of the extended triple diffie-hellman protocol. In: 2020 Second IEEE International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Intelligent Systems and Applications (TPS-ISA), pp. 73–78. IEEE (2020)
Ruggeri, A., Fazio, M., Celesti, A., Villari, M.: Blockchain-based healthcare workflows in federated hospital clouds. In: Brogi, A., Zimmermann, W., Kritikos, K. (eds.) ESOCC 2020. LNCS, vol. 12054, pp. 113–121. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44769-4_9
Sengupta, J., Ruj, S., Bit, S.D.: A comprehensive survey on attacks, security issues and blockchain solutions for iot and iiot. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 149, 102481 (2020)
Sodhro, A.H., Pirbhulal, S., Muzammal, M., Zongwei, L.: Towards blockchain-enabled security technique for industrial internet of things based decentralized applications. J. Grid Comput. 18, 1–14 (2020)
Zhang, P., White, J., Schmidt, D., Lenz, G., Rosenbloom, S.: Fhirchain: applying blockchain to securely and scalably share clinical data. Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J. 16, 07 (2018)
Puthal, D., Malik, N., Mohanty, S.P., Kougianos, E., Yang, C.: The blockchain as a decentralized security framework [future directions]. IEEE Cons. Electron. Maga. 7(2), 18–21 (2018)
Santos, A.C., Soares Filho, J.L., Silva, Á.Í., Nigam, V., Fonseca, I.E.: Ble injection-free attack: a novel attack on bluetooth low energy devices. J. Ambient Intell. Humanized Comput., 1–11 (2019)
Sen, S.: Context-aware energy-efficient communication for iot sensor nodes. In: 2016 53nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2016)
Suárez-Albela, M., Fernández-Caramés, T.M., Fraga-Lamas, P., Castedo, L.: A practical performance comparison of ecc and rsa for resource-constrained iot devices. In: 2018 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS), pp. 1–6 (2018)
Singh, S., Sharma, P.K., Yoon, B., Shojafar, M., Cho, G.H., Ra, I.-H.: Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in iot network for the sustainable smart city. Sustain. Cities Soc. 63, 102364 (2020)
Mallik, A., Ahsan, A., Shahadat, M., Tsou, J.: Man-in-the-middle-attack: understanding in simple words. Int. J. Data Netw. Sci. 3(2), 77–92 (2019)
Bhushan, K., Gupta, B.B.: Distributed denial of service (ddos) attack mitigation in software defined network (sdn)-based cloud computing environment. J. Ambient Intell. Humanized Comput. 10(5), 1985–1997 (2019)
Ruggeri, A., Celesti, A., Galletta, A., Fazio, M., Villari, M.: An innovative blockchain based application of the extended triple diffie-hellman protocol for iot. In: 2021 8th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud). IEEE (2021)
Infura. https://infura.io/. Accessed 22 July 2021
INA219. Bidirectional Current/Power Monitor With I2C Interface. https://www.rototron.info/wp-content/uploads/INA219_datasheet.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2021
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ruggeri, A., Villari, M. (2022). Improving the Key Exchange Process of the eXtended Triple Diffie-Hellman Protocol with Blockchain. In: Zirpins, C., et al. Advances in Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing. ESOCC 2022. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1617. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23298-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23298-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-23297-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-23298-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)