Abstract
Hybrid dynamical systems describe the mixed discrete dynamics and continuous dynamics of cyber-physical systems such as aircraft, cars, trains, and robots. To justify correctness of their safety-critical controls for their physical models, differential dynamic logic (\(\textsf {dL}\)) provides deductive specification and verification techniques implemented in the theorem prover KeYmaera X. The logic \(\textsf {dL}\) is useful for proving, e.g., that all runs of a hybrid dynamical system are safe (\([{\alpha }]\varphi \)), or that there is a run of the hybrid dynamical system ultimately reaching the desired goal (\(\langle {\alpha }\rangle {\varphi }\)). Combinations of \(\textsf {dL}\)’s operators naturally represent safety, liveness, stability and other properties. Variations of \(\textsf {dL}\) serve additional purposes. Differential refinement logic (dRL) adds an operator \(\alpha \le \beta \) expressing that hybrid system \(\alpha \) refines hybrid system \(\beta \), which is useful, e.g., for relating concrete system implementations to their abstract verification models. Just like \(\textsf {dL}\), dRL is a logic closed under all operators, which opens up systematic ways of simultaneously relating systems and their properties, of reducing system properties to system relations or, vice versa, reducing system relations to system properties. Differential game logic (dGL) adds the ability of referring to winning strategies of players in hybrid games, which is useful for establishing correctness properties of systems where the actions of different agents may interfere. \(\textsf {dL}\) and its variations have been used in KeYmaera X for verifying ground robot obstacle avoidance, the Next-Generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System ACAS X, and the kinematics of train control in the Federal Railroad Administration model with track terrain influence and air pressure brake propagation.
This material is supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
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Notes
- 1.
KeYmaera X is available as open-source at http://keymaeraX.org/.
- 2.
The KeYmaera X prover inherits its name from its predecessor KeYmaera [48] which was based on the KeY prover [2] and explains the spelling. KeYmaera is a homophone to Chimaera, the hybrid animal from ancient Greek mythology, which is a hybrid mixture of multiple animals just like KeYmaera is a prover mixing discrete and continuous mathematics and multiple theorem proving techniques.
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I am much indebted to Katherine Kosaian, Jonathan Laurent, Noah Abou El Wafa, and Dominique Méry for their valuable feedback.
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Platzer, A. (2023). Refinements of Hybrid Dynamical Systems Logic. In: Glässer, U., Creissac Campos, J., Méry, D., Palanque, P. (eds) Rigorous State-Based Methods. ABZ 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14010. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33163-3_1
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