Skip to main content

Fuzzy and Neuro-Symbolic Approaches in Personal Credit Scoring: Assessment of Bank Loan Applicants

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Innovations in Intelligent Machines-4

Part of the book series: Studies in Computational Intelligence ((SCI,volume 514))

Abstract

Credit scoring is a vital task in the financial domain. An important aspect in credit scoring involves the assessment of bank loan applications. Loan applications are frequently assessed by banking personnel regarding the ability/possibility of satisfactorily dealing with loan demands. Intelligent methods may be employed to assist in the required tasks. In this chapter, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of two separate intelligent systems that assess bank loan applications. The systems employ different knowledge representation formalisms. More specifically, the corresponding intelligent systems are a fuzzy expert system and a neuro-symbolic expert system. The former employs fuzzy rules based on knowledge elicited from experts. The latter is based on neurules, a type of neuro-symbolic rules that combine a symbolic (production rules) and a connectionist (adaline unit) representation. A characteristic of neurules is that they retain the naturalness and modularity of symbolic rules. Neurules were produced from available patterns. Evaluation showed that the performance of both systems is close although their knowledge bases were derived from different types of source knowledge.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abdou, H.A.: Genetic programming for credit scoring: the case of Egyptian public sector banks. Expert Syst. Appl. 36, 11402–11417 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2009.01.076

  2. Chen, Y.-S., Cheng, C.-H.: Hybrid models based on rough set classifiers for setting credit rating decision rules in the global banking industry. Knowl.-Based Syst. 39, 224–239 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2012.11.004

  3. Eletter, S.F., Yaseen, S.G., Elrefae, G.A.: Neuro-based artificial intelligence model for loan decisions. Am. J. Econ. Bus. Adm. 2, 27–34 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gallant, S.I.: Neural Network Learning and Expert Systems. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1993)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Ghalwash, A.Z.: A recency inference engine for connectionist knowledge bases. Appl. Intell. 9, 201–215 (1998). doi:10.1023/A:1008311702940

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hammer, B., Hitzler, P. (eds.): Perspectives of neural-symbolic integration, vol. 77. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2010). (Studies in Computational Intelligence)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hatzilygeroudis, I., Prentzas, J.: Neurules: improving the performance of symbolic rules. Int. J. AI Tools 9, 113–130 (2000). doi:10.1142/S0218213000000094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hatzilygeroudis, I., Prentzas, J.: Constructing modular hybrid rule bases for expert systems. Int. J. AI Tools 10, 87–105 (2001). doi:10.1142/S021821300100043X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hatzilygeroudis, I., Prentzas, J.: HYMES: a HYbrid modular expert system with efficient inference and explanation. In: Manolopoulos, Y., Evripidou, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the 8th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics, vol.1. Livanis Publishing Organization, Athens (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hatzilygeroudis, I., Prentzas, J.: Neuro-symbolic approaches for knowledge representation in expert systems. Int. J. Hybrid Intell. Syst. 1, 111–126 (2004)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Hatzilygeroudis, I., Prentzas, J.: Knowledge representation in intelligent educational systems. In: Ma, Z. (ed.) Web-based intelligent e-learning systems: technologies and applications. Information Science Publishing, Hershey, PA (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hatzilygeroudis, I., Prentzas, J.: Neurules: integrated rule-based learning and inference. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 22, 1549–1562 (2010). doi:10.1109/TKDE.2010.79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hatzilygeroudis, I., Prentzas, J. (eds.) (2011) Combinations of intelligent methods and applications. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop, CIMA 2010, Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol. 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hatzilygeroudis, I., Prentzas, J.: Fuzzy and neuro-symbolic approaches to assessment of bank loan applicants. In: Iliadis, L., Maglogiannis, I., Papadopoulos, H. (eds.) IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology (AICT), vol. 36. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hatzilygeroudis, I., Koutsojannis, C., Papavlasopoulos, C., Prentzas, J.: Knowledge-based adaptive assessment in a Web-based intelligent educational system. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, IEEE Computer Society. Los Alamitos, CA (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hens, A.B., Tiwari, M.K.: Computational time reduction for credit scoring: an integrated approach based on support vector machine and stratified sampling method. Expert Syst. Appl. 39, 6774–6781 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2011.12.057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kamos, E., Matthaiou, F., Kotsiantis, S.: Credit rating using a hybrid voting ensemble. In: Maglogiannis, I., Plagianakos, V., Vlahavas, I. (eds.) Proceedings of the Hellenic Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol. 7297. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Li, X.-L., Zhong, Y.: An overview of personal credit scoring: techniques and future work. Int. J. Intell. Sci. 2, 181–189 (2012). doi:10.4236/ijis.2012.224024

    Google Scholar 

  19. Marques, A.I., Garcia, V., Sanchez, J.S.: Exploring the behavior of base classifiers in credit scoring ensembles. Expert Syst. Appl. 39, 10244–10250 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2012.02.092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Min, J.H., Lee, Y.-C.: A practical approach to credit scoring. Expert Syst. Appl. 35, 1762–1770 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2007.08.070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Nurlybayeva, K.: Algorithmic scoring methods. Appl. Math. Sci. 7, 571–586 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Prentzas. J., Hatzilygeroudis, I., Koutsojannis, C.: A Web-based ITS controlled by a hybrid expert system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Prentzas, J., Hatzilygeroudis, I.: Rule-based update methods for a hybrid rule base. Data Knowl. Eng. 55, 103–128 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.datak.2005.02.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Prentzas, J., Hatzilygeroudis, I.: Incrementally updating a hybrid rule base based on empirical data. Expert Syst. 24, 212–231 (2007). doi:10.1111/j.1468-0394.2007.00430.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Prentzas, J., Hatzilygeroudis, I.: Combinations of case-based reasoning with other intelligent methods. Int. J. Hybrid Intell. Syst. 6, 189–209 (2009). doi:10.3233/HIS-2009-0096

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Prentzas, J., Hatzilygeroudis, I.: Neurules—a type of neuro-symbolic rules: an overview. In: Hatzilygeroudis, I., Prentzas, J. (eds.) Combinations of Intelligent Methods and Applications: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop, CIMA 2010, Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol. 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2011)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Prentzas, J., Hatzilygeroudis, I.: An explanation mechanism for integrated rules. In: Hatzilygeroudis, I., Palade, V. (eds.) Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Combinations of Intelligent Methods and Applications. Montpellier, France (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ross, T.J.: Fuzzy logic with engineering applications, 3rd edn. Wiley, Chichester, West Sussex (2010)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang, G., Ma, J., Huang, L., Xu, K.: Two credit scoring models based on dual strategy ensemble trees. Knowl.-Based Syst. 26, 61–68 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2011.06.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Vukovic, S., Delibasic, B., Uzelac, A., Suknovic, M.: A case-based reasoning model that uses preference theory functions. Expert Syst. Appl. 39, 8389–8395 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2012.01.181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhou, L., Lai, K.K., Yu, L.: Least squares support vector machines ensemble models for credit scoring. Expert Syst. Appl. 37, 127–133 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2009.05.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. http://awesom.eu/~cygal/archives/2010/04/22/fuzzyclips_downloads/index.html

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hatzilygeroudis, I., Prentzas, J. (2014). Fuzzy and Neuro-Symbolic Approaches in Personal Credit Scoring: Assessment of Bank Loan Applicants. In: Faucher, C., Jain, L. (eds) Innovations in Intelligent Machines-4. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 514. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01866-9_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01866-9_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-01865-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-01866-9

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics