Skip to main content

Parallel OWL Reasoning: Merge Classification

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Semantic Technology (JIST 2013)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 8388))

Included in the following conference series:

  • 993 Accesses

Abstract

Our research is motivated by the ubiquitous availability of multiprocessor computers and the observation that available Web Ontology Language (OWL) reasoners only make use of a single processor. This becomes rather frustrating for users working in ontology development, especially if their ontologies are complex and require long processing times using these OWL reasoners. We present a novel algorithm that uses a divide and conquer strategy for parallelizing OWL TBox classification, a key task in description logic reasoning. We discuss some interesting properties of our algorithm, e.g., its suitability for distributed reasoning, and present an empirical study using a set of benchmark ontologies, where a speedup of up to a factor of 4 has been observed when using 8 workers in parallel.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This process does not show a full calling order of computing \( A_4 \le A_5 \) for sake of brevity. For instance, \( \top \_merge ( A_7 , A_6 , \le _\alpha , \le _\beta ) \) is not shown.

  2. 2.

    http://github.com/kejia/mc

  3. 3.

    http://jfact.sourceforge.net

References

  1. Aslani, M., Haarslev, V.: Parallel TBox classification in description logics–first experimental results. In: Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on ECAI 2010: 19th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 485–490 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Baader, F., Hollunder, B., Nebel, B., Profitlich, H.J., Franconi, E.: An empirical analysis of optimization techniques for terminological representation systems. Appl. Intell. 4(2), 109–132 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Baader, F., et al.: The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation, and Applications. Cambridge University Press, New York (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cole, R.: Parallel merge sort. SIAM J. Comput. 17(4), 770–785 (1988)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Doran, P., Tamma, V., Iannone, L.: Ontology module extraction for ontology reuse: an ontology engineering perspective. In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pp. 61–70 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ester, M., Kriegel, H.P., Sander, J., Xu, X.: A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Girvan, M., Newman, M.E.J.: Community structure in social and biological networks. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99(12), 7821–7826 (2002)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Glimm, B., Horrocks, I., Motik, B., Stoilos, G.: Optimising ontology classification. In: Patel-Schneider, P.F., Pan, Y., Hitzler, P., Mika, P., Zhang, L., Pan, J.Z., Horrocks, I., Glimm, B. (eds.) ISWC 2010, Part I. LNCS, vol. 6496, pp. 225–240. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Glimm, B., Horrocks, I., Motik, B., Shearer, R., Stoilos, G.: A novel approach to ontology classification. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web 14, 84–101 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Grau, B.C., Horrocks, I., Kazakov, Y., Sattler, U.: A logical framework for modularity of ontologies. In: Proceedings International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 298–304 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Grau, B.C., Horrocks, I., Kazakov, Y., Sattler, U.: Modular reuse of ontologies: theory and practice. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 31(1), 273–318 (2008)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Grau, B.C., Parsia, B., Sirin, E., Kalyanpur, A.: Modularizing OWL ontologies. In: K-CAP 2005 Workshop on Ontology Management (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hitzler, P., Krötzsch, M., Rudolph, S.: Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies. Chapman & Hall/CRC, London (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hu, W., Qu, Y., Cheng, G.: Matching large ontologies: a divide-and-conquer approach. Data Knowl. Eng. 67(1), 140–160 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Jeon, M., Kim, D.: Parallel merge sort with load balancing. Int. J. Parallel Prog. 31(1), 21–33 (2003)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Kazakov, Y., Krötzsch, M., Simančík, F.: Concurrent classification of \({\cal EL}\) ontologies. In: Aroyo, L., Welty, C., Alani, H., Taylor, J., Bernstein, A., Kagal, L., Noy, N., Blomqvist, E. (eds.) ISWC 2011, Part I. LNCS, vol. 7031, pp. 305–320. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Kazakov, Y., Krötzsch, M., Simančík, F.: The incredible ELK: from polynomial procedures to efficient reasoning with EL ontologies (2013) (submitted to a journal)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Liebig, T., Müller, F.: Parallelizing tableaux-based description logic reasoning. In: Meersman, R., Tari, Z. (eds.) OTM-WS 2007, Part II. LNCS, vol. 4806, pp. 1135–1144. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Lipkis, T.: A KL-ONE classifier. In: Proceedings of the 1981 KL-ONE Workshop, pp. 128–145 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Meissner, A.: A simple parallel reasoning system for the \({\cal ALC}\) description logic. In: Nguyen, N.T., Kowalczyk, R., Chen, S.-M. (eds.) ICCCI 2009. LNCS, vol. 5796, pp. 413–424. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Meissner, A., Brzykcy, G.: A parallel deduction for description logics with ALC language. Knowl.-Driven Comput. 102, 149–164 (2008)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. Mutharaju, R., Hitzler, P., Mateti, P.: DistEL: A distributed EL+ ontology classifier. In: Proceedings of The 9th International Workshop on Scalable Semantic Web Knowledge Base Systems (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Radenski, A.: Shared memory, message passing, and hybrid merge sorts for standalone and clustered SMPs. In: The 2011 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications, vol. 11, pp. 367–373 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Rolfe, T.J.: A specimen of parallel programming: parallel merge sort implementation. ACM Inroads 1(4), 72–79 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Schlicht, A., Stuckenschmidt, H.: Distributed resolution for ALC - first results. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Advancing Reasoning on the Web: Scalability and Commonsense (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Shearer, R., Horrocks, I., Motik, B.: Exploiting partial information in taxonomy construction. In: Grau, B.G., Horrocks, I., Motik, B., Sattler, U. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2009 International Workshop on Description Logics. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Oxford, UK, vol. 477, 27–30 July 2009

    Google Scholar 

  27. Todd, S.: Algorithm and hardware for a merge sort using multiple processors. IBM J. Res. Dev. 22(5), 509–517 (1978)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  28. Wu, K., Haarslev, V.: A parallel reasoner for the description logic ALC. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International Workshop on Description Logics (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Wu, K., Haarslev, V.: Exploring parallelization of conjunctive branches in tableau-based description logic reasoning. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International Workshop on Description Logics (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Xu, X., Yuruk, N., Feng, Z., Schweiger, T.A.J.: SCAN: a structural clustering algorithm for networks. In: Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 824–833 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for Ralf Möller at Hamburg University of Technology in giving us access to their equipment that was used to conduct the presented evaluation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kejia Wu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Wu, K., Haarslev, V. (2014). Parallel OWL Reasoning: Merge Classification. In: Kim, W., Ding, Y., Kim, HG. (eds) Semantic Technology. JIST 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8388. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06826-8_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06826-8_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-06825-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-06826-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics