Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Models@run.time pp 47–100Cite as

Living with Uncertainty in the Age of Runtime Models

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNPSE,volume 8378))

Abstract

Uncertainty can be defined as the difference between information that is represented in an executing system and the information that is both measurable and available about the system at a certain point in its life-time. A software system can be exposed to multiple sources of uncertainty produced by, for example, ambiguous requirements and unpredictable execution environments. A runtime model is a dynamic knowledge base that abstracts useful information about the system, its operational context and the extent to which the system meets its stakeholders’ needs. A software system can successfully operate in multiple dynamic contexts by using runtime models that augment information available at design-time with information monitored at runtime. This chapter explores the role of runtime models as a means to cope with uncertainty. To this end, we introduce a well-suited terminology about models, runtime models and uncertainty and present a state-of-the-art summary on model-based techniques for addressing uncertainty both at development- and runtime. Using a case study about robot systems we discuss how current techniques and the MAPE-K loop can be used together to tackle uncertainty. Furthermore, we propose possible extensions of the MAPE-K loop architecture with runtime models to further handle uncertainty at runtime. The chapter concludes by identifying key challenges, and enabling technologies for using runtime models to address uncertainty, and also identifies closely related research communities that can foster ideas for resolving the challenges raised.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Galbraith, J.: Designing Complex Organizations. Organization development. Addison-Wesley (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Noppen, J.: Imperfect Information in Software Design Processes. PhD thesis, University of Twente (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ramirez, A., Jensen, A., Cheng, B.H.C., Knoester, D.: Automatically exploring how uncertainty impacts behavior of dynamically adaptive systems. In: 2011 26th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE), pp. 568–571 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Whittle, J., Sawyer, P., Bencomo, N., Chen, B.H.C., Bruel, J.M.: RELAX: Incorporating uncertainty into the specification of self-adaptive systems. In: The Proceedings of the 17th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE 2009), Atlanta, Georgia, USA, pp. 79–88. IEEE Computer Society (September 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Welsh, K., Sawyer, P., Bencomo, N.: Towards Requirements Aware Systems: Run-time Resolution of Design-time Assumptions. In: Proceedings of the 26th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2011, Kansas, USA, November 6-10. ACM (2011) (to appear)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ramirez, A.J., Cheng, B.H.C., Bencomo, N., Sawyer, P.: Relaxing claims: Coping with uncertainty while evaluating assumptions at run time. In: France, R.B., Kazmeier, J., Breu, R., Atkinson, C. (eds.) MODELS 2012. LNCS, vol. 7590, pp. 53–69. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Bencomo, N., Belaggoun, A., Issarny, V.: Dynamic decision networks for decision-making in self-adaptive systems: A case study. In: Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems, SEAMS (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Laffont, J.J.: The Economics of Uncertainty and Information. The MIT Press (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, http://www.auai.org/

  10. Wätzoldt, S., Neumann, S., Benke, F., Giese, H.: Integrated Software Development for Embedded Robotic Systems. In: Noda, I., Ando, N., Brugali, D., Kuffner, J.J. (eds.) SIMPAR 2012. LNCS, vol. 7628, pp. 335–348. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Cheng, S.W., Garlan, D.: Handling Uncertainty in Autonomic Systems. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Living with Uncertainties (IWLU 2007), Co-located with the 22nd International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2007), Atlanta, GA, USA, November 5 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ali, R., Dalpiaz, F., Giorgini, P.: A Goal Modeling Framework for Self-Contextualizable Software. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Exploring Modeling Methods in Systems Analysis and Design, pp. 326–338. Springer-Verlag (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lapouchnian, A., Mylopoulos, J.: Modeling Domain Variability in Requirements Engineering with Contexts. In: Laender, A.H.F., Castano, S., Dayal, U., Casati, F., de Oliveira, J.P.M. (eds.) ER 2009. LNCS, vol. 5829, pp. 115–130. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Stachowiak, H.: Allgemeine Modelltheorie. Springer-Verlag (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Chung, L., Cesar, J., Leite, S.P.: Non-functional requirements in software engineering (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  16. van Lamsweerde, A.: Requirements Engineering: From System Goals to UML Models to Software Specifications. John Wiley (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Harel, D.: Statecharts: A Visual Formalism for Complex Systems. Sci. Comput. Program. 8(3), 231–274 (1987)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Albarghouthi, A., Gurfinkel, A., Chechik, M.: From Under-Approximations to Over-Approximations and Back. In: Flanagan, C., König, B. (eds.) TACAS 2012. LNCS, vol. 7214, pp. 157–172. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Mula, J., Poler, R., Garciasabater, J., Lario, F.: Models for production planning under uncertainty: A review. International Journal of Production Economics 103(1), 271–285 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Blair, G., Bencomo, N., France, R.B.: Models@run.time. Computer 42(10), 22–27 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Vogel, T., Seibel, A., Giese, H.: The Role of Models and Megamodels at Runtime. In: Dingel, J., Solberg, A. (eds.) MODELS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6627, pp. 224–238. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  22. Kephart, J.O., Chess, D.M.: The vision of autonomic computing. IEEE Computer 36(1), 41–50 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Morin, B., Fleurey, F., Bencomo, N., Jézéquel, J.-M., Solberg, A., Dehlen, V., Blair, G.S.: An aspect-oriented and model-driven approach for managing dynamic variability. In: Czarnecki, K., Ober, I., Bruel, J.-M., Uhl, A., Völter, M. (eds.) MODELS 2008. LNCS, vol. 5301, pp. 782–796. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  24. Morin, B., Barais, O., Nain, G., Jézéquel, J.M.: Taming dynamically adaptive systems using models and aspects. In: ICSE, pp. 122–132 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bencomo, N., Whittle, J., Sawyer, P., Finkelstein, A., Letier, E.: Requirements reflection: Requirements as runtime entities. In: Proceedings of the 32nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering, Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 199–202. ACM (May 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sawyer, P., Bencomo, N., Letier, E., Finkelstein, A.: Requirements-aware systems: A research agenda for re self-adaptive systems. In: Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, Sydney, Australia, pp. 95–103 (September 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Salehie, M., Tahvildari, L.: Self-adaptive software: Landscape and research challenges. ACM Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst. 4(2) (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Weiser, M.: The computer for the 21st century. SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review 3(3), 3–11 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Baldauf, M., Dustdar, S., Rosenberg, F.: A survey on context-aware systems. International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 2(4), 263–277 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Bellavista, P., Corradi, A., Fanelli, M., Foschini, L.: A Survey on Context Data Distribution for Mobile Ubiquitous Systems. ACM Computing Surveys (2013) (to appear)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Souza, V.S., Lapouchnian, A., Robinson, W.N., Mylopoulos, J.: Awareness requirements for adaptive systems. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems, Waikiki, Honolulu, HI, USA, pp. 60–69. ACM (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Feather, M.S., Fickas, S., van Lamsweerde, A., Ponsard, C.: Reconciling system requirements and runtime behavior. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Software Specification and Design, pp. 50–59. IEEE Computer Society (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Fickas, S., Feather, M.S.: Requirements monitoring in dynamic environments. In: Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering, pp. 140–147. IEEE Computer Society (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Silva Souza, V., Lapouchnian, A., Mylopoulos, J.: (Requirement) Evolution Requirements for Adaptive Systems. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposyum of Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems. IEEE Computer Society (2012) (to appear)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Baresi, L., Pasquale, L., Spoletini, P.: Fuzzy goals for requirements-driven adaptation. In: Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, RE, Sydney, Australia, pp. 125–134. IEEE (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ali, R., Solís, C., Omoronyia, I., Salehie, M., Nuseibeh, B.: Social Adaptation - When Software Gives Users a Voice. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering, pp. 75–84. SciTePress (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Maes, P.: Concepts and Experiments in Computational Reflection. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Object-oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications, OOPSLA 1987, pp. 147–155. ACM, New York (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  38. McManus, H., Hastings, D.: A Framework for Understanding Uncertainty and its Mitigation and Exploitation in Complex Systems. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual International Symposium of the International Council on Systems Engineering, INCOSE 2005, Rochester, NY (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Garlan, D.: Software engineering in an uncertain world. In: Proceedings of the FSE/SDP Workshop on Future of Software Engineering Research, FoSER 2010, pp. 125–128. ACM, New York (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  40. Humphrey, W.: A Discipline for Software Engineering. SEI Series in Software Engineering Series. Addison Wesley Professional (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lehman, M.M., Belady, L.A.: Program evolution: Processes of software change. Academic Press Professional, Inc., San Diego (1985)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  42. Parnas, D.L.: Software aging. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 1994, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 279–287. IEEE Computer Society Press (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Welsh, K., Sawyer, P.: Understanding the scope of uncertainty in dynamically adaptive systems. In: Wieringa, R., Persson, A. (eds.) REFSQ 2010. LNCS, vol. 6182, pp. 2–16. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  44. Rabin, M.O.: Probabilistic automata. Information and Control 6(3), 230–245 (1963)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  45. Piech, H., Siedlecka-Lamch, O.: Interval probabilities of state transitions in probabilistic automata. In: Rutkowski, L., Korytkowski, M., Scherer, R., Tadeusiewicz, R., Zadeh, L.A., Zurada, J.M. (eds.) ICAISC 2012, Part II. LNCS, vol. 7268, pp. 688–696. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  46. Torres, R., Bencomo, N., Astudillo, H.: Mitigating the obsolescence of quality specifications models in service-based systems. In: MoDRE, pp. 68–76 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Xie, L.L., Guo, L.: How much uncertainty can be dealt with by feedback? IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 45(12), 2203–2217 (2000)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  48. Brun, Y., et al.: Engineering Self-Adaptive Systems through Feedback Loops. In: Cheng, B.H.C., de Lemos, R., Giese, H., Inverardi, P., Magee, J. (eds.) Self-Adaptive Systems. LNCS, vol. 5525, pp. 48–70. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Cheng, S.W., Garlan, D.: Handling Uncertainty in Autonomic Systems. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Living with Uncertainties (IWLU 2007), Co-located with the 22nd International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2007), Atlanta, GA, USA, November 5 (2007), http://godzilla.cs.toronto.edu/IWLU/program.html

  50. Kramer, J., Magee, J.: Self-Managed Systems: an Architectural Challenge. In: FOSE 2007: 2007 Future of Software Engineering, pp. 259–268. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Welsh, K., Sawyer, P., Bencomo, N.: Run-time Resolution of Uncertainty. In: Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, Trento, Italy, August 29-September 2, pp. 355–356 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Sawyer, P., Bencomo, N., Whittle, J., Letier, E., Finkelstein, A.: Requirements-Aware Systems: A Research Agenda for RE for Self-adaptive Systems. In: Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, September 27-October 1, pp. 95–103 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Autili, M., Cortellessa, V., Di Ruscio, D., Inverardi, P., Pelliccione, P., Tivoli, M.: Integration architecture synthesis for taming uncertainty in the digital space. In: Calinescu, R., Garlan, D. (eds.) Monterey Workshop 2012. LNCS, vol. 7539, pp. 118–131. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  54. Ephraim, Y., Merhav, N.: Hidden markov processes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 48(6), 1518–1569 (2002)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  55. Cheung, L., Roshandel, R., Medvidovic, N., Golubchik, L.: Early prediction of software component reliability. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2008, pp. 111–120. ACM, New York (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Cordy, M., Classen, A., Perrouin, G., Schobbens, P.Y., Heymans, P., Legay, A.: Simulation-based abstractions for software product-line model checking. In: ICSE, pp. 672–682. IEEE (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hirschfeld, R., Costanza, P., Nierstrasz, O.: Context-oriented Programming. Journal of Object Technology 7(3), 125–151 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Autili, M., Benedetto, P.D., Inverardi, P.: Hybrid approach for resource-based comparison of adaptable java applications. Science of Computer Programming (2012) (to appear)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Cheng, B.H.C., Sawyer, P., Bencomo, N., Whittle, J.: A goal-based modeling approach to develop requirements of an adaptive system with environmental uncertainty. In: Schürr, A., Selic, B. (eds.) MODELS 2009. LNCS, vol. 5795, pp. 468–483. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  60. Mishra, K., Trivedi, K.S.: Uncertainty propagation through software dependability models. In: Dohi, T., Cukic, B. (eds.) ISSRE, pp. 80–89. IEEE (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Caporuscio, M., Marco, A.D., Inverardi, P.: Model-based System Reconfiguration for Dynamic Performance Management. Journal of Systems and Software 80(4), 455–473 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Inverardi, P., Mori, M.: A Software Lifecycle Process to Support Consistent Evolutions. In: de Lemos, R., Giese, H., Müller, H.A., Shaw, M. (eds.) Self-Adaptive Systems. LNCS, vol. 7475, pp. 239–264. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Neil, M., Fenton, N., Tailor, M.: Using bayesian networks to model expected and unexpected operational losses. International Journal on Risk Analysis 25(4), 963–972 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Filieri, A., Ghezzi, C., Tamburrelli, G.: A formal approach to adaptive software: Continuous assurance of non-functional requirements. Formal Asp. Comput. 24(2), 163–186 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  65. Morin, B., Barais, O., Jézéquel, J.M., Fleurey, F., Solberg, A.: Models@ Run.time to Support Dynamic Adaptation. IEEE Computer 42(10), 44–51 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Cetina, C., Giner, P., Fons, J., Pelechano, V.: Autonomic computing through reuse of variability models at runtime: The case of smart homes. Computer 42(10), 37–43 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Georgas, J., van der Hoek, A., Taylor, R.: Using architectural models to manage and visualize runtime adaptation. Computer 42(10), 52–60 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Song, H., Huang, G., Chauvel, F., Xiong, Y., Hu, Z., Sun, Y., Mei, H.: Supporting runtime software architecture: A bidirectional-transformation-based approach. Journal of Systems and Software 84(5), 711–723 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Vogel, T., Giese, H.: Adaptation and Abstract Runtime Models. In: Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems (SEAMS 2010) at the 32nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2010), Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 39–48. ACM (May 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Bencomo, N., Bennaceur, A., Grace, P., Blair, G., Issarny, V.: The role of models@run.time in supporting on-the-fly interoperability. Springer Computing (2013); special issue Models@runt.time

    Google Scholar 

  71. Hao, R., Morin, B., Berre, A.J.: A semi-automatic behavioral mediation approach based on models@runtime. In: Models@run.time, pp. 67–71 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Mori, M., Li, F., Dorn, C., Inverardi, P., Dustdar, S.: Leveraging State-Based User Preferences in Context-Aware Reconfigurations for Self-Adaptive Systems. In: Barthe, G., Pardo, A., Schneider, G. (eds.) SEFM 2011. LNCS, vol. 7041, pp. 286–301. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  73. Hong, J., Suh, E., Kim, S.J.: Context-aware systems: A literature review and classification. Expert Syst. Appl. 36(4), 8509–8522 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Giannakopoulou, D., Pasareanu, C.S., Barringer, H.: Component verification with automatically generated assumptions. Autom. Softw. Eng. 12(3), 297–320 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G., Parker, D., Qu, H.: Assume-guarantee verification for probabilistic systems. In: Esparza, J., Majumdar, R. (eds.) TACAS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6015, pp. 23–37. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  76. Bucchiarone, A., Marconi, A., Pistore, M., Raik, H.: Dynamic Adaptation of Fragment-based and Context-aware Business Processes. In: Proc. of the 19th International Conference on Web Services. IEEE Computer Society (2012) (to appear)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Brennan, S., Cahill, V., Clarke, S.: Applying non-constant volatility analysis methods to software timeliness. In: Proceedings of the 21st Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS), WIP Track (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  78. Temponi, C., Yen, J., Tiao, W.A.: Assessment of customer’s and technical requirements through a fuzzy logic-based method. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, vol. 2, pp. 1127–1132. IEEE Computer Society (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Liu, X.F., Azmoodeh, M., Gerogalas, N.: Specification of non-functional requirements for contract specification in the ngoss framework for quality management and product evaluation. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Software Quality, pp. 36–41 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  80. Liu, X.F.: Fuzzy requirements. IEEE Potentials, 24–26 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  81. Glinz, M.: On non-functional requirements. In: IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, pp. 21–26 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Sutcliffe, A., Fickas, S., Sohlberg, M.M.: Pc-re: A method for personal and contextual requirements engineering with some experience. Requir. Eng. 11(3), 157–173 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Epifani, I., Ghezzi, C., Mirandola, R., Tamburrelli, G.: Model evolution by run-time parameter adaptation. In: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2009, pp. 111–121. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  84. Cheng, B.H.C., et al.: Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems: A Research Roadmap. In: Cheng, B.H.C., de Lemos, R., Giese, H., Inverardi, P., Magee, J. (eds.) Self-Adaptive Systems. LNCS, vol. 5525, pp. 1–26. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  85. Robertson, P., Laddaga, R.: Model based diagnosis and contexts in self adaptive software. In: Babaoğlu, Ö., Jelasity, M., Montresor, A., Fetzer, C., Leonardi, S., van Moorsel, A., van Steen, M. (eds.) SELF-STAR 2004. LNCS, vol. 3460, pp. 112–127. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  86. Robertson, P., Williams, B.: Automatic recovery from software failure. Commun. ACM 49, 41–47 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Porcarelli, S., Castaldi, M., Di Giandomenico, F., Bondavalli, A., Inverardi, P.: A framework for reconfiguration-based fault-tolerance in distributed systems. In: de Lemos, R., Gacek, C., Romanovsky, A. (eds.) Architecting Dependable Systems II. LNCS, vol. 3069, pp. 167–190. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  88. Tichy, M., Giese, H.: A Self-Optimizing Run-Time Architecture for Configurable Dependability of Services. In: de Lemos, R., Gacek, C., Romanovsky, A. (eds.) Architecting Dependable Systems II. LNCS, vol. 3069, pp. 25–50. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hasso Plattner Institute at the University of Potsdam, Germany

    Holger Giese & Sebastian Wätzoldt

  2. Aston University, UK

    Nelly Bencomo

  3. Lero - Irish Software Engineering Research Centre, Ireland

    Liliana Pasquale

  4. Michigan State University, USA

    Andres J. Ramirez

  5. University of L’Aquila, Italy

    Paola Inverardi

  6. Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

    Siobhán Clarke

Authors
  1. Holger Giese
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nelly Bencomo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Liliana Pasquale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andres J. Ramirez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Paola Inverardi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sebastian Wätzoldt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Siobhán Clarke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, UK

    Nelly Bencomo

  2. Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Robert France

  3. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 3115 Engineering Building, 428 S. Shaw Lane, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA

    Betty H. C. Cheng

  4. Institut für Software- und Multimediatechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 46, 01307, Dresden, Germany

    Uwe Aßmann

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Giese, H. et al. (2014). Living with Uncertainty in the Age of Runtime Models. In: Bencomo, N., France, R., Cheng, B.H.C., Aßmann, U. (eds) Models@run.time. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8378. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08915-7_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08915-7_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-08914-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-08915-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation