Abstract
It has been well known that there is a correlation between facial expression and person’s internal emotional state. In this paper we use an approach to distinguish between neutral and some other expression: based on the displacement of important facial points (coordinates of edges of the mouth, eyes, eyebrows, etc.). Further the feature vectors are formed by concatenating the landmarks data from Supervised Descent Method, applying PCA and use these data as an input to Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The experimental results show improvement of the recognition rate in comparison to some state-of-the-art facial expression recognition techniques.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Tian, Y., Kanade, T., Cohn, J.F.: Facial expression analysis. In: Li, S.Z., Jain, A.K., (Eds.): Handbook of Face Recognition, pp. 247–275. Springer (2005)
Viola, P., Jones, J.M.: Robust real-time object detection. In: Second International Workshop on Statistical and Computational Theories of Vision-Modeling Learning, Computing, and Sampling (2001)
Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Kanade, T., Saragih, J., Ambadar, Z., Matthews, I.: The Extended Cohn-Kanade Dataset (CK+): A complete expression dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on CVPR for Human Communicative Behavior Analysis (CVPR4HB 2010), San Francisco, USA, pp. 94–101 (2010)
Xuehan-Xiong, De la Torre, F.: Supervised descent method and its application to face alignment, in CVPR (2013)
Chang, C.-C., Lin, C.-J.: LibSVM: a library for support vector machines
Chew, S.W., Lucey, P.J., Lucey, S., Saragih, J., Cohn, J.F., Sridharan, S.: Person-independent facial expression detection using constrained local models. In: Proceedings of FG 2011 Facial Expression Recognition and Analysis Challenge, Santa Barbara, CA (2011)
Taheri, S., Turaga, P., Chellappa, R.: Towards View-Invariant Expression Analysis Using Analytic Shape Manifolds. Int. Conf, Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (2011)
Li, S., Jain, A.: Handbook of Face Recognition 2nd ed. Springer (2011)
Tian, Y.-L., Kanade, T., Cohn, J.: Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(2), 1–19 (2001)
Donato, G., Bartlett, M., Hager, J., Ekman, P., Sejnowski, T.: Classifying facial actions. IEEETrans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 21(10), 974–989 (1999)
Susskind, J.M., Littlewort, G., Bartlett, M.S., Movellan, J., Anderson, A.K.: Human and computer recognition of facial expressions of emotion. Neuropsychologia 45, 152–162 (2007)
Littlewort, G., Stewart, M.: Bartlett, I. Fasel, J. Susskind, J. Movellan, Dynamics of facial expression extracted automatically from video. Image and Vision Computing 24, 615–625 (2006)
Sebe, N., Lew, M.S., Sun, Y., Cohen, I., Gevers, T., Huang, T.S.: Authentic facial expression analysis. Image and Vision Computing 25, 1856–1863 (2007)
Shana, C., Gong, S., McOwanb, P.W.: Facial expression recognition based on Local Binary Patterns: A comprehensive study. Image and Vision Computing 27, 803–816 (2009)
Tong, Y., Liao, W., Ji, Q.: Automatic Facial Action Unit Recognition by Modeling Their Semantic And Dynamic Relationships, Springer (2009)
Zhi, R., Flierl, M., Ruan, Q., Kleijn, W.: Graph-preserving sparse nonnegative matrix factorization with application to facial expression recognition. IEEE, Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics 41(1), 38–52 (2011)
Zafeiriou, S., Petrou, M.: Nonlinear non-negative component analysis algorithms. Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on 19(4), 1050–1066 (2010)
Jiang, B., Valstary, M.F., Pantic, M.: Facial Action Detection using Block-based Pyramid Appearance Descriptors. In: Proceedings of the ASE/IEEE International Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom 2012). Amsterdam, The Netherlands (September 2012)
Jiang, B., Valstar, M.F., Martinez, B., Pantic, M.: A Dynamic Appearance Descriptor Approach to Facial Actions Temporal Modelling. IEEE Transactions of Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B. 44(2), 161–174 (2014)
Fellenz, W., Taylor, J., Tsapatsoulis, N., Kollias, S.: Comparing template-based, feature-based and supervised classification of facial expressions from static images. In: Proceedings of Circuits, Systems, Communications and Computers (CSCC 1999), Nugata, Japan, pp. 5331–5336 (1999)
Lanitis, A., Taylor, C., Cootes, T.: Automatic interpretation and coding of face images using 2exible models. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 19(7), 743–756 (1997)
Cootes, T., Edwards, G., Taylor, C.: Active appearance models. IEEE PAMI 23(6), 681–685 (2001)
Cootes, T.F., Edwards, G.J., Taylor, C.J.: Active Appearance Models. In: Burkhardt, H., Neumann, B. (eds.) ECCV 1998. LNCS, vol. 1407, pp. 581–695. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)
Huang, C., Huang, Y.: Facial expression recognition using model-based feature extraction and action parameters classification. J. Visual Commun. Image Representation 8(3), 278–290 (1997)
Wechsler, H.: Reliable Face Recognition Methods: System Design, Implementation and Evaluation, International Series on Biometrics, v. 7, Springer Science & Business Media (2009)
El Ayadi, M., Kamel, M.S., Karray, F.: Survey on speech emotion recognition: Features, classification schemes, and databases. Pattern Recognition 44(3), 572–587 (2011)
Chen, L., Mao, X., Xue, Y., Lung, L.: Cheng. Speech emotion recognition: Features and classification models, Digital Signal Processing 22(6), 1154–1160 (2012)
Ververidis, D., Kotropoulos, C.: Emotional speech recognition: Resources, features, and methods. Speech Communication 48(9), 1162–1181 (2006)
Sandbach, G., Zafeiriou, S., Pantic, M., Yin, L.: Static and dynamic 3D facial expression recognition: A comprehensive survey. Image and Vision Computing 30(10), 683–697 (2012)
Castellano, G., Kessous, L., Caridakis, G.: Multimodal Emotion Recognition from Expressive Faces, Body Gestures and Speech. Proc Doctoral Consortium Second Int’l Conf, Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (2007)
Vinay, K.B., Shreyas, B.S.: Face Recognition Using Gabor Wavelets. In: Fortieth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, ACSSC 2006. pp. 593–597 (2006)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Manolova, A., Neshov, N., Panev, S., Tonchev, K. (2014). Facial Expression Classification Using Supervised Descent Method Combined With PCA and SVM. In: Cantoni, V., Dimov, D., Tistarelli, M. (eds) Biometric Authentication. BIOMET 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8897. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13386-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13386-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-13385-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-13386-7
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)