Nonuniform Indistinguishability and Unpredictability Hardcore Lemmas: New Proofs and Applications to Pseudoentropy

Abstract

Hardcore lemmas are results in complexity theory which state that average-case hardness must have a very hard “kernel”, that is a subset of instances where the given problem is extremely hard. They find important applications in hardness amplification. In this paper we revisit the following two fundamental results:

• 1 The hardcore lemma for unpredictability, due to Impagliazzo (FOCS ’95). It states that if a boolean function f is “moderately” hard to predict on average, then there must be a set of noticeable size on which f is “extremely” hard to predict.

• 2 The hardcore lemma for indistinguishability, proved by Maurer and Tesaro (TCC’10), states that for two random variables X and Y which are ε-computationally close, there are events A and B of probability 1 − ε such that the distributions of X|A and Y|B are “computationally” identical.

Using only the standard min-max theorem and some basic facts about convex approximations in L _p spaces, we provide alternative modular proofs and some generalizations of these results in the nonuniform setting, achieving best possible bounds for (a) and slightly improving the known bounds for (b). As an interesting application, we show a strengthening of the transformation between two most popular pseudoentropy variants: HILL and Metric Entropy, and apply it to show how to extract pseudorandomness from a sequence of metric-entropy sources of poor quality. In this case we significantly improve security parameters, comparing to the best known techniques.

A preliminary version of this work appeared in the Proceedings of Student Research Forum Papers and Posters at SOFSEM 2015.