Skip to main content

SafeChild: An Intelligent Virtual Reality Environment for Training Pedestrian Safety Skills

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Book cover Design for Teaching and Learning in a Networked World (EC-TEL 2015)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 9307))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Training children safe behavior in traffic situations is both important and challenging. One of the problems is children’s limited perceptual-motor abilities and associated difficulties with important cognitive skills required to be safe pedestrians. Existing traffic education programs focus more on theoretical knowledge, while training practical skills in the real world is dangerous, expensive and hard to organize. This paper presents a promising alternative – an intelligent virtual reality training environment that allows children to practice their pedestrian skills. It describes the interface and architecture of the system, as well as the skill model of the pedestrian safety domain. The results of the conducted pilot study show that children of the target age group rarely have problems with applying (and acquiring) “basic” pedestrian skills in the developed virtual environment. However, when applying and learning “advanced” skills, they require additional support.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Whitebread, D., Neilson, K.: The contribution of visual search strategies to the development of pedestrian skills by 4-11 year-old children. Br. J. Educ. Psychol. 70(4), 539–557 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Federal Statistical Office of Germany: Child pedestrian injury in traffic 2013. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/TransportVerkehr/Verkehrsunfaelle/UnfaelleKinder5462405137004.pdf

  3. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Traffic safety facts: 2011 data. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811767.pdf

  4. Toroyan, T., Peden, M. (eds.): Youth and road safety. WHO, Geneva (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Oron-Gilad, T., Meir, A., Tapiro, H., Borowsky, A.: Towards understanding child-pedestrian’s deficits in perceiving hazards when crossing the road. Final Report (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Schwebel, D.C., Davis, A.L., O’Neal, E.E: Child pedestrian injury: a review of behavioral risks and preventive strategies. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 6(4), 292–302 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  7. McComas, J., MacKay, M., Pivik, J.: Effectiveness of virtual reality for teaching pedestrian safety. CyberPsychology Behav. 5(3), 185–190 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Thomson, J.A., Tolmie, A.K., Foot, H.C., Whelan, K.M., Sarvary, P., Morrison, S.: Influence of virtual reality training on the roadside crossing judgments of child pedestrians. J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 11, 175–186 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Congiu, M., Whelan, M., Oxley, J., Charlton, J., D’Elia, A., Muir, C.: Child Pedestrian: Factors Associated with Ability to Cross Roads Safely and Development of Training Package. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Victoria (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Schwebel, D.C., Gaines, J., Severson, J.: Validation of virtual reality as a tool to understand and prevent child pedestrian injury. Accid. Anal. Prev. 40(4), 1394–1400 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Schwebel, D.C., McClure, L.A., Severson, J.: Usability and feasibility of an internet-based virtual pedestrian environment to teach children to cross streets safely. Virtual Reality 18(1), 5–11 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Lane, H.C., Johnson, W.L.: Intelligent tutoring and pedagogical experience manipulation in virtual learning environments. In: The PSI Handbook of Virtual Environments for Training and Education, vol. 3 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Johnson, W.L., Rickel, J.: Steve: an animated pedagogical agent for procedural training in virtual environments. ACM SIGART Bull. 8(1–4), 16–21 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Amokrane, K., Lourdeaux, D., Burkhardt, J.M.: HERA: learner tracking in a virtual environment. Int. J. Virtual Reality 7(3), 23–30 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Buche, C., Bossard, C., Querrec, R., Chevaillier, P.: PEGASE: a generic and adaptable intelligent system for virtual reality learning environments. Int. J. Virtual Reality 9(2), 73–85 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Van der Molen, H.H., Rothengatter, J.A., Vinjé, M.P.: Blueprint of an analysis of the pedestrian’s task I. Accid. Anal. Prev. 13(3), 175–191 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Thomson, J.A., Tolmie, A., Foot, H.C., McLaren, B.: Child development and the aims of road safety education. Road Safety Research Report No. 1. HMSO, London (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ampofo-Boateng, K., Thomson, J.A.: Children’s perception of safety and danger on the road. Br. J. Psychol. 82, 487–505 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hill, R., Lewis, V., Dunbar, G.: Young children’s concepts of danger. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 18, 103–120 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Underwood, J., Dillon, G., Farnsworth, B., Twiner, A.: Reading the road: the influence of age and sex on child pedestrians’ perceptions of road risk. Br. J. Psychol. 98, 93–110 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Orlosky, J., Weber, M., Gu, Y., Sonntag, D., Sosnovsky, S.: An interactive pedestrian environment simulator for cognitive monitoring and evaluation. In: 20th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 57–60 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Corbett, A.T., Koedinger, K.R., Anderson, J.R.: Chapter 37 intelligent tutoring systems. In: Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Millington, I., Funge, J.: Behavior trees. In: Artificial Intelligence for Games, 2nd edn, pp. 334–370. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  24. David, K.S., Sullivan, M.: Expectations for walking speeds: standards for students in elementary schools. Pediatric Phys. Therapy 17(2), 120–127 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Piaget, J.: The Origins of Intelligence in Children. International Universities Press, New York (1952)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  26. Gu, Y., Sosnovsky, S.: Recognition of student intentions in a virtual reality training environment. In: 19th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pp. 69–72 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was conducted within SafeChild project funded by BMBF (grant 01IS12050) under the Software Campus program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sergey Sosnovsky .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Gu, Y., Sosnovsky, S., Ullrich, C. (2015). SafeChild: An Intelligent Virtual Reality Environment for Training Pedestrian Safety Skills. In: Conole, G., Klobučar, T., Rensing, C., Konert, J., Lavoué, E. (eds) Design for Teaching and Learning in a Networked World. EC-TEL 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9307. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24258-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24258-3_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24257-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24258-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics