Abstract
Open self-x systems of a very large scale – interconnecting several thousand of autonomous and heterogeneous entities – become increasingly complex in their organisational structures. This is due to the fact that such systems are typically restricted to a local view in the sense that they have no global instance, which can be responsible for controlling or managing the whole system. Therefore, new ways have to be found to develop and manage them. An essential aspect that has recently gained much attention in this kind of systems is the social concept of trust. Using appropriate trust mechanisms, entities in the system can have a clue about which entities to cooperate with. This is very important to improve the robustness of self-x systems, which depends on a cooperation of autonomous entities. The contributions of this chapter are trustworthy concepts and generic self-x algorithms with the ability to self-configure, self-optimise, and self-heal that work in a distributed manner and with no central control to ensure robustness. Some experimental results of our algorithms are reported to show the improvement that can be obtained compared with the baseline measurements.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
JXTA: Open source peer-to-peer protocol specification begun by Sun Microsystems in 2001 – [Accessed: December 16, 2015] – http://jxta.kenai.com.
- 2.
FIPA: Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents – [Accessed: October 29, 2015] – http://www.fipa.org/specs/fipa00029/
- 3.
Microsoft Surface – [Accessed: October 21, 2015] – http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/pixelsense/whatissurface.aspx.
References
Schmeck, H.: Organic computing – a new vision for distributed embedded systems. In: Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC05), Seattle (2005)
Horn, P.: Autonomic computing: IBMs perspective on the state of information technology. IBM Corporation, pp. 1–39 (2001). http://www.ibm.com/autonomic/pdfs/autonomiccomputing.pdf
Steghöfer, J.-P., Kiefhaber, R., Leichtenstern, K., Bernard, Y., Klejnowski, L., Reif, W., Ungerer, T., André, E., Hähner, J., Müller-Schloer, C.: Trustworthy organic computing systems: challenges and perspectives. In: Xie, B., Branke, J., Sadjadi, S., Zhang, D., Zhou, X. (eds.) Autonomic and Trusted Computing, vol. 6407, pp. 62–76. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2010). ISBN: 978-3-642-16575-7
Roth, M., Schmitt, J., Kiefhaber, R., Kluge, F., Ungerer, T.: Organic computing middleware for ubiquitous environments. In: Organic Computing: A Paradigm Shift for Complex Systems, pp. 339–351. Springer, Basel (2011)
Lund, A., Betting, B., Brinkschulte, U.: Design and evaluation of a bio-inspired, distributed middleware for a multiple mixed-core system on chip. In: 18th International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing Workshops, Auckland (2015)
Nickschas, M., Brinkschulte, U.: CARISMA – a service-oriented, real-time organic middleware architecture. J. Softw. 4, 654–663 (2009)
Smith, R.G.: The contract net protocol: high-level communication and control in a distributed problem solver. Trans. Comput. (1980). ISBN:978-0-7695-4322-2
Seinturier, L., Merle, P., Rouvoy, R., Romero, D., Schiavoni, V., Stefani, J.-B.: A component-based middleware platform for reconfigurable service-oriented architectures. Softw.: Pract. Exp. 42, 559–583 (2012)
Hoffmann, M., Wittke, M., Hähner, J., Müller-Schloer, C.: Spatial partitioning in self-organizing smart camera systems. J. Sel. Top. Signal Process. 2, 480–492 (2008)
Jaenen, U., Spiegelberg, H., Sommer, L., von Mammen, S., Brehm, J., Hähner, J.: Object tracking as job-scheduling problem. In: Seventh International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras (ICDSC), Palm Springs (2013)
Tomforde, S., Jänen, U., Hähner, J., Hoffmann, M.: Cloud services – towards an intelligent cloud-based surveillance system. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics, Reykjavik (2013)
Dwork, C., Lynch, N.: Consensus in the presence of partial synchrony. J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 35, 288–323 (1988)
Schmitt, J., Roth, M., Kiefhaber, R., Kluge, F., Ungerer, T.: Realizing self-x properties by an automated planner. In: International Conference on Autonomic Computing, Karlsruhe (2011)
Trumler, W., Klaus, R., Ungerer, T.: Self-configuration via cooperative social behavior. In: Autonomic and Trusted Computing (ATC), pp. 90–99. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2006)
Trumler, W., Pietzowski, A., Satzger, B., Ungerer, T.: Adaptive self-optimization in distributed dynamic environments. In: First International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO 2007), Boston, pp. 320–323 (2007)
Satzger, B.: Self-healing distributed systems. PhD thesis, Universität Augsburg (2008)
Satzger, B., Pietzowski, A., Trumler, W., Ungerer, T.: A lazy monitoring approach for heartbeat-style failure detectors. In: International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Barcelona (2008)
Richter, U., Mnif, M., Branke, J., Müller-Schloer, C., Schmeck, H.: Towards a generic observer/controller architecture for organic computing. In: GI Jahrestagung (1), 112–119 (2006)
Satzger, B., Ungerer, T.: Grouping algorithms for scalable self-monitoring distributed systems. In: International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Communication Systems, Turin (2008)
Kiefhaber, R.: Calculating and aggregating direct trust and reputation in organic computing systems. PhD thesis, University of Augsburg (2014)
Kiefhaber, R., Satzger, B., Schmitt, J., Roth, M., Ungerer, T.: Trust measurement methods in organic computing systems by direct observation. In: The 8th IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC 2010), Hong Kong, pp. 105–111 (2010)
Kiefhaber, R., Anders, G., Siefert, F., Ungerer, T., Reif, W.: Confidence as a means to assess the accuracy of trust values. In: The 11th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom 2012), Liverpool (2012)
Kiefhaber, R., Hammer, S., Savs, B., Schmitt, J., Roth, M., Kluge, F., André, E., Ungerer, T.: The neighbor-trust metric to measure reputation in organic computing systems. In: The 5th IEEE Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops (SASOW 2011), Ann Arbor, pp. 41–46 (2011)
Kiefhaber, R., Jahr, R., Msadek, N., Ungerer, T.: Ranking of direct trust, confidence, and reputation in an abstract system with unreliable components. In: The 10th IEEE International Conference on Autonomic and Trusted Computing (ATC-2013), Vietri sul Mere (2013)
Anders, G., Siefert, F., Msadek, N., Kiefhaber, R., Kosak, O., Reif, W., Ungerer, T.: TEMAS – a trust-enabling multi-agent system for open environments. Technical report, Universität Augsburg (2013)
Hsieh, F.-S., Chiang, C.Y.: Workflow planning in holonic manufacturing systems with extended contract net protocol. In: 22nd International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems, Tainan (2009)
Kinnebrew, J.S., Biswas, G.: Efficient allocation of hierarchically-decomposable tasks in a sensor web contract net. In: Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, Milan, vol. 02, pp. 225–232 (2009)
Goswami, K., Gupta, A.: Resource selection in grids using contract net. In: 16th Euromicro Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing, Toulouse, pp. 105–109 (2008)
Deshpande, U., Gupta, A., Basu, A.: Performance improvement of the contract net protocol using instance based learning. In: 5th International Workshop – Distributed Computing, Kolkata (2003)
Dellarocas, C., Klein, M., Rodriguez-Aguilar, J.A.: An exception-handling architecture for open electronic marketplaces of contract net software agents. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, Minneapolis (2000)
Kodama, J., Hamagami, T., Shinji, H., Tanabe, T., Funabashi, T., Hirata, H.: Multi-agent-based autonomous power distribution network restoration using contract net protocol. Electr. Eng. Jpn. 166, 56–63 (2009)
Bozdag, E.: A survey of extensions to the contract net protocol. Technical report, Delft University of Technology (2008)
Msadek, N., Kiefhaber, R., Fechner, B., Ungerer, T.: Trust-enhanced self-configuration for organic computing systems. In: 27th International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems ARCS2014, Luebeck (2014)
Msadek, N., Kiefhaber, R., Ungerer, T.: Simultaneous self-configuration with multiple managers for organic computing systems. In: The 2nd International Workshop on Self-Optimisation in Organic and Autonomic Computing Systems (SAOS14) in Conjunction with ARCS 2014, Luebeck (2014)
Msadek, N., Kiefhaber, R., Ungerer, T.: A trustworthy, fault-tolerant and scalable self-configuration algorithm for organic computing systems. J. Syst. Archit. 61, 511–519 (2015)
Msadek, N., Kiefhaber, R., Ungerer, T.: A trust- and load-based self-optimization algorithm for organic computing systems. In: International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO), London (2014)
Msadek, N., Kiefhaber, R., Ungerer, T.: Trustworthy self-optimization in organic computing environments. In: International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS), Porto (2015)
Msadek, N., Stegmeier, A., Kiefhaber, R., Ungerer, T.: A mechanism for minimizing trust conflicts in organic computing systems. In: International Workshop on Self-Optimisation in Organic and Autonomic Computing Systems (SAOS), Porto (2015)
Dedinski, I., Hofmann, A., Sick, B.: Cooperative Keep-alives: an efficient outage detection algorithm for P2P overlay networks. In: Seventh IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, Galway (2007)
Price, R., Tino, P., Theodoropoulos, G.: Still alive: extending keep-alive intervals in P2P overlay networks. J. Mobile Netw. Appl. 17, 378–394 (2012)
Msadek, N., Ungerer, T.: Trust-Based Monitoring for Self-Healing of Distributed Real-Time Systems (2016, submitted for publication)
Alexandersson, R., Öhman, P., Karlsson, J.: Aspect-oriented implementation of fault tolerance: an assessment of overhead. In: 29th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security, SAFECOMP 2010, Vienna, 14–17 Sept 2010 (0302-9743), vol. 6351, pp. 466–479 (2010)
Enokido, T., Aikebaier, A., Takizawa, M.: An energy-efficient redundant execution algorithm by terminating meaningless redundant processes. In: International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Barcelona (2013)
Aidemark, J., Vinter, J., Folkesson, P., Karlsson, J.: Experimental evaluation of time-redundant execution for a brake-by-wire application. In: International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, Washington, DC (2002)
Bailis, P., Kingsbury, K.: The network is reliable: an informal survey of real-world communications failures. ACM J. Queue 12 (7), 20:20–20:32 (2014). http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2639988.2639988. doi:10.1145/2639988.2639988
Shirriff, K.W.: Method and system for establishing a quorum for a geographically distributed cluster of computers. In Patent US7016946 B2 (2006)
Ueda, Y., Kojima, H., Tsuchiya, T.: On the availability of replicated data managed by hierarchical voting. In: 3rd International Conference on Information Science and Cloud Computing Companion, Guangzhou (2013)
Roberto, B.: Template Matching Techniques in Computer Vision: Theory and Practice. Wiley, Chichester (2009)
Glassner, A.: An Introduction to Ray Tracing. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Graphics. Academic, London (1989)
Edenhofer, S., Stifter, C., Jänen, U., Kantert, J., Tomforde, S., Hähner, J., Müller-Schloer, C.: An accusation-based strategy to handle undesirable behaviour in multi-agent systems. In: International Conference on Autonomic Computing, Grenoble (2015)
Klejnowski, L., Bernard, Y., Anders, G., Müller-Schloer, C., Reif, W.: Trusted community – a trust-based multi-agent organisation for open systems. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence (ICAART), Barcelona (2013)
Steghöfer, J.-P., Anders, G., Siefert, F., Reif, W.: A system of systems approach to the evolutionary transformation of power management systems. In: Proceedings of INFORMATIK 2013 – Workshop on Smart Grids, Koblenz, vol. P-220. Bonner Köllen Verlag (2013)
Anders, G., Schiendorfer, A., Siefert, F., Steghöfer, J.-P., Reif, W.: Cooperative resource allocation in open systems of systems. ACM Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst. 10, 11:1–11:44 (2015). ISSN:1556-4665
Kosak, O., Anders, G., Siefert, F., Reif, W.: An approach to robust resource allocation in large-scale systems of systems. In: 2015 IEEE 9th International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO), Cambridge, pp. 1–10 (2015)
Steghöfer, J.-P., Eberhardinger, B., Nafz, F., Reif, W.: Synthesis of observers for autonomic evolutionary systems from requirements models. In: Workshop on Distributed Autonomous Network Management Systems, Belgium (2013)
Anders, G., Siefert, F., Reif, W.: A heuristic for constrained set partitioning in the light of heterogeneous objectives. English. In: Duval, B., van den Herik, J., Loiseau, S., Filipe, J. (eds.) Agents and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 9494, pp. 223–244. Springer (2015). ISBN:978-3-319-27946-6
Wißner, M., Hammer, S., Kurdyukova, E., André, E.: Trust-based decision-making for the adaptation of public displays in changing social contexts. J. Trust Manag. 1, 1–23 (2014)
Hammer, S., Wißner, M., André, E.: Trust-based decision-making for smart and adaptive environments. User Model. User-Adapt. Interact. 25, 267–293 (2015)
Mármol, F.G., Pérez, G.M.: Security threats scenarios in trust and reputation models for distributed systems. Comput. Secur. 28, 545–556 (2009)
Acknowledgements
This research is partly sponsored by the research unit OC-Trust (FOR 1085) of the German Research Foundation. The TEM was devised and developed in cooperation with Rolf Kiefhaber, a former researcher at the University of Augsburg. The authors would like to thank all OC-Trust members who have contributed by providing background information about the application case studies implemented on TEM.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Msadek, N., Ungerer, T. (2016). Trust as Important Factor for Building Robust Self-x Systems. In: Reif, W., et al. Trustworthy Open Self-Organising Systems. Autonomic Systems. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29201-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29201-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29199-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29201-4
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)