Skip to main content

Reflections on the Design Challenges Prompted by Affect-Aware Socially Assistive Robots

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Human–Computer Interaction Series ((HCIS))

Abstract

The rising interest in socially assistive robotics is, at least in part, stemmed by the aging population around the world. A lot of research and interest has gone into insuring the safety of these robots. However, little has been done to consider the necessary role of emotion in these robots and the potential ethical implications of having affect-aware socially assistive robots. In this chapter we address some of the considerations that need to be taken into account in the research and development of robots assisting a vulnerable population. We use two fictional scenarios involving a robot assisting a person with Parkinson’s disease to discuss five ethical issues relevant to affect-aware socially assistive robots.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This is not to say that there are not other critical issues pertaining to assistive robots, especially ones affect-aware robots. Designers need to consider the repercussions of a robot being able to capture and store the sort of data that is necessary for an affect-aware robot. This includes issues regarding invasiveness, privacy, and discomfort [17, 18]. Whether affect recognition technologies should be used to “fix” or augment human abilities is another concern [7]. By focusing on the social aspects of assistive robots we do not mean to ignore the challenges regarding the capture and storage of personal, affective data, but to focus on the underrepresented issues pertinent to social affect in the context of human-robot interaction.

  2. 2.

    Whether or not these simulated emotions are “emotions” in the human sense is a discussion that is outside the scope of this paper.

References

  1. Arkin, R.C., Ulam, P., Wagner, A.R.: Moral decision making in autonomous systems: enforcement, moral emotions, dignity, trust, and deception. Proc. IEEE 100(3), 571–589 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bickmore, T.W., Picard, R.W.: Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships. ACM Trans. Comput. Human Interact. 12(2), 293–327 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Briggs, G.: Blame, what is it good for? In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Philosophical Perspectives on HRI at Ro-Man 2014 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Briggs, P., Scheutz, M., Tickle-Degnen, L.: Are robots ready for administering health status surveys? first results from an hri study with subjects with parkinson’s disease. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, pp. 327–334. ACM (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Broekens, J., Heerink, M., Rosendal, H.: Assistive social robots in elderly care: a review. Gerontechnology 8(2), 94–103 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Corritore, C.L., Kracher, B., Wiedenbeck, S.: On-line trust: concepts, evolving themes, a model. Int. J. Human Comput. Stud. 58(6), 737–758 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. el Kaliouby, R., Picard, R., Baron-Cohen, S.: Affective computing and autism. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1093(1), 228–248 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Foot, P.: The problem of abortion and the doctrine of the double effect. Oxf. Rev. 5, 5–15 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Gratch, J., Marsella, S.: A domain-independent framework for modeling emotion. J. Cog. Syst. Res. 5(4), 269–306 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Haidt, J.: The moral emotions. Handb. Affect. Sci. 11, 852–870 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Heerink, M., Ben, K., Evers, V., Wielinga, B.: The influence of social presence on acceptance of a companion robot by older people. J. Phys. Agents 2(2), 33–40 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Malle, B.F., Guglielmo, S., Monroe, A.E.: Moral, cognitive, and social: the nature of blame. In: Forgas, J.P., Fiedler, K., Sedikides, C. (eds.) Social Thinking and Interpersonal Behavior, pp. 313–332. Psychology Press (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mao, W., Gratch, J.: Modeling social causality and responsibility judgment in multi-agent interactions. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Third international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 3166–3170. AAAI Press (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Mikhail, J.: Universal moral grammar: theory, evidence and the future. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11(4), 143–152 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Muir, B.M., Moray, N.: Trust in automation. part ii. experimental studies of trust and human intervention in a process control simulation. Ergonomics 39(3), 429–460 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Pennebaker, J.W., Francis, M.E., Booth, R.J.: Linguistic inquiry and word count: Liwc 2001. Mahway: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 71, 2001 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Reynolds, C., Picard, R.: Ethical evaluation of displays that adapt to affect. Cyber Psychol. Behav. 7(6), 662–666 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Reynolds, C., Picard, R.W.: Evaluation of affective computing systems from a dimensional metaethical position. In: 1st Augmented Cognition Conference, in Conjunction with the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 22–27 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Salem, M., Dautenhahn, K.: Evaluating trust and safety in hri: Practical issues and ethical challenges. In: Workshop on the Emerging Policy and Ethics of Human-Robot Interaction @ HRI 2015 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Salem, M., Lakatos, G., Amirabdollahian, F., Dautenhahn, K.: Towards safe and trustworthy social robots: ethical challenges and practical issues. In: International Conference on Social Robotics (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Scheutz, M.: The inherent dangers of unidirectional emotional bonds between humans and social robots. In: Lin, P., Bekey, G., Abney K. (eds.) Anthology on Robo-Ethics. MIT Press (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Scheutz, M., Malle, B.F.: “Think and do the right thing”—a plea for morally competent autonomous robots. In: 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Ethics in Science, Technology and Engineering, pp. 1–4. IEEE (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Smith, C.A., Ellsworth, P.C.: Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 48(4), 813–838 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Tapus, A., Tapus, C., Matarić, M.J.: The use of socially assistive robots in the design of intelligent cognitive therapies for people with dementia. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, pp. 924–929. IEEE (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Tickle-Degnen, L., Lyons, K.D.: Practitioners’ impressions of patients with parkinson’s disease: the social ecology of the expressive mask. Soc. Sci. Med. 58(3), 603–614 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Tickle-Degnen, L., Zebrowitz, L.A., Ma, H.I.: Culture, gender and health care stigma: practitioners’ response to facial masking experienced by people with parkinson’s disease. Soc. Sci. Med. 73(1), 95–102 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Tomai, E., Forbus, K.: Plenty of blame to go around: a qualitative approach to attribution of moral responsibility. In: Proceedings of Qualitative Reasoning Workshop (2007). http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA470434

  28. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World Population Ageing 2013. ST/ESA/SER.A/348 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Wilson, J.R.: Towards an affective robot capable of being a long-term companion. In: Sixth International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, IEEE (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Wilson, J.R., Scheutz, M.: A model of empathy to shape trolley problem moral judgements. In: The Sixth International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction. IEEE (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  31. World Health Organization: Global health and ageing (2011)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was in part supported by NSF grant #IIS- 1316809 and a grant from the Office of Naval Research, No. N00014-14-l-0144. The opinions expressed here are our own and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF or ONR.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jason R. Wilson , Matthias Scheutz or Gordon Briggs .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wilson, J.R., Scheutz, M., Briggs, G. (2016). Reflections on the Design Challenges Prompted by Affect-Aware Socially Assistive Robots. In: Tkalčič, M., De Carolis, B., de Gemmis, M., Odić, A., Košir, A. (eds) Emotions and Personality in Personalized Services. Human–Computer Interaction Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31413-6_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31413-6_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31411-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31413-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics