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International Workshop on Digital Watermarking

IWDW 2015: Digital-Forensics and Watermarking pp 299–311Cite as

Detection of Frequency-Scale Modification Using Robust Audio Watermarking Based on Amplitude Modulation

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Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNSC,volume 9569))

Abstract

An audio watermarking system based on amplitude modulation (AM) is tested under the evaluation criteria proposed by the Information Hiding Criteria committee. Sinusoidal AMs at relatively low modulation frequencies, which are applied in opposite phase to neighboring subband signals, are used as the carrier of embedded information and for synchronization of the data frame. In contrast to previous methods, the detection of frame synchronization is conducted by compensating the frequency scale from −6 to +6 % in 1 % steps in the time-frequency domain for the attack of frequency-scale modification. The maximum amplitude of AM collected from the subband group for synchronization is observed at the frequency-scale compensation that corresponds to the amount of frequency-scale modification. The results of a computer simulation showed that the quality degradation caused by the watermarking was tolerable and that the detectability of the watermark under mandatory attack tests (simulated DA/AD conversion and MP3 coding) and optional attack tests (bandpass filtering, tandem MP3 coding, MPEG4AAC coding, a single echo addition, and ±4 % frequency-scale modification) was sufficiently maintained.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Informatics, Faculty of Informatics, Tokyo University of Information Sciences, 4–1 Onaridai, Wakaba, Chiba, Chiba, 265-8501, Japan

    Akira Nishimura

Authors
  1. Akira Nishimura
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Correspondence to Akira Nishimura .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. NJIT, Newark, New Jersey, USA

    Yun-Qing Shi

  2. Korea University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)

    Hyoung Joong Kim

  3. University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain

    Fernando Pérez-González

  4. National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan

    Isao Echizen

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© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Nishimura, A. (2016). Detection of Frequency-Scale Modification Using Robust Audio Watermarking Based on Amplitude Modulation. In: Shi, YQ., Kim, H., Pérez-González, F., Echizen, I. (eds) Digital-Forensics and Watermarking. IWDW 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9569. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31960-5_25

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31960-5_25

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31959-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31960-5

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

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