Abstract
Facial expression and its dynamic property play an important role in interpreting and conveying emotions. Recently facial expression analysis has been an active topic in both psychology and computer vision. Most previous investigations have focused on the recognition of static images with intense expressions. Different from the previous work, we present an expression synthesis method for both expression classification and intensity estimation. By means of synthesising expression manifolds from neutral faces, the dynamic variations in facial expression can be modelled and analysed. Eigentransformation is utilised on both shape and expression details in generating novel expressions. Expression classification is performed on the expanded training sets with synthesised expression landmarks, and the intensity can be estimated with synthesised expression manifolds. Comprehensive experimental results conducted on the extended Cohn-Kanade database are reported.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jain, A.K., Li, S.Z.: Handbook of Face Recognition, vol. 1. Springer, New York (2005)
Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V.: Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto (1978)
Pantic, M., Rothkrantz, L.: Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(12), 1424–1445 (2000)
Fasel, B., Luettin, J.: Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey. Pattern Recogn. 36(1), 259–275 (2003)
Shan, C., Gong, S., McOwan, P.W.: Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: a comprehensive study. Image Vis. Comput. 27(6), 803–816 (2009)
Ambadar, Z., Schooler, J.W., Cohn, J.F.: Deciphering the enigmatic face: the importance of facial dynamics in interpreting subtle facial expressions. Psychol. Sci. 16(5), 403–410 (2005)
Kanade, T., Cohn, J.F., Tian, Y.: Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 46–53 (2000)
Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Kanade, T., Saragih, J., Ambadar, Z., Matthews, I.: The extended Cohn-Kanade dataset (CK+): a complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop, pp. 94–101 (2010)
Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V.: The Facial Action Coding System. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto (1982)
Ekman, P., Rolls, E., Perrett, D., Ellis, H.: Facial expressions of emotion: an old controversy and new findings. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 335(1273), 63–69 (1992)
Tian, Y., Kanade, T., Cohn, J.F.: Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(2), 97–115 (2001)
Pantic, M., Rothkrantz, L.J.: Facial action recognition for facial expression analysis from static face images. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B Cybern. 34(3), 1449–1461 (2004)
Pantic, M., Patras, I.: Dynamics of facial expression: recognition of facial actions and their temporal segments from face profile image sequences. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B Cybern. 36(2), 433–449 (2006)
Uddin, M.Z., Lee, J., Kim, T.: An enhanced independent component-based human facial expression recognition from video. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B Cybern. 55(4), 2216–2224 (2009)
Song, M., Tao, D., Liu, Z., Li, X., Zhou, M.: Image ratio features for facial expression recognition application. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B Cybern. 40(3), 779–788 (2010)
Jabid, T., Kabir, M.H., Chae, O.: Facial expression recognition using local directional pattern. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 1605–1608 (2010)
Gu, W., Xiang, C., Venkatesh, Y.V., Huang, D., Lin, H.: Facial expression recognition using radial encoding of local Gabor features and classifier synthesis. Pattern Recogn. 45(1), 80–91 (2012)
Happy, S.L., Routray, A.: Automatic facial expression recognition using features of salient facial patches. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 6(1), 1–12 (2015)
Yang, P., Liu, Q., Metaxas, D.N.: Rankboost with l1 regularization for facial expression recognition and intensity estimation. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1018–1025 (2009)
Delannoy, J.R., McDonald, J.: Automatic estimation of the dynamics of facial expression using a three-level model of intensity. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 1–6 (2008)
Chang, K.Y., Chen, C.S., Hung, Y.P.: Intensity rank estimation of facial expressions based on a single image. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp. 3157–3162 (2013)
Mohammadi, M.R., Fatemizadeh, E., Mahoor, M.H.: Intensity estimation of spontaneous facial action units based on their sparsity properties. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 46(3), 817–826 (2016)
Tang, X., Wang, X.: Face sketch synthesis and recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 687–694 (2003)
Golub, G.H., Reinsch, C.: Singular value decomposition and least squares solutions. Numer. Math. 14(5), 403–420 (1970)
Dryden, I.L., Mardia, K.V.: Statistical Shape Analysis, vol. 4. Wiley, Chichester (1998)
Zhao, W., Chellappa, R., Phillips, P.J., Rosenfeld, A.: Face recognition: a literature survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 35(4), 399–458 (2003)
Baudat, G., Anouar, F.: Generalized discriminant analysis using a kernel approach. Neural Comput. 12(10), 2385–2404 (2000)
Zheng, Z., Yang, F., Tan, W., Jia, J., Yang, J.: Gabor feature-based face recognition using supervised locality preserving projection. Signal Process. 87(10), 2473–2483 (2007)
Megvii, Inc.: Face++ research toolkit (2013). www.faceplusplus.com
Yao, B., Ai, H., Lao, S.: Logit-rankboost with pruning for face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 1–8 (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Peng, Y., Yin, H. (2016). Expression Classification and Intensity Estimation by Expression Manifold Synthesis. In: Yin, H., et al. Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2016. IDEAL 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 9937. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46257-8_68
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46257-8_68
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-46256-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-46257-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)