Abstract
Free vibration occurs when a mechanical system is disturbed from equilibrium by an external force and then it is allowed to vibrate freely. In free vibrations, the system oscillates under the influence of inherent forces on the system itself. Free vibrations are associated with natural frequencies that are properties of the oscillating system, quantified in parameters such as mass, shape, and stiffness distribution. A number of these mechanical characteristics can be inferred from vibration patterns or from the generated sound using the adequate sensors. It is well known that liquid level inside a container modifies its natural frequencies. Unfortunately, other container characteristics such as shape, composition, temperature, and pressure modifies the natural frequencies of vibration making the task of level measurement nontrivial. Preliminary experiments aiming to do measurement of liquid content level and container characterization are presented in this work. Spectral analysis in Fourier domain is used to perform feature extraction, with the feature vectors containing information about the frequencies having the greatest amplitude in the respective spectral analysis. Classification has been carried out using two computational intelligence techniques for comparison purposes: neural network classification and a fuzzy logic inference system built using singleton fuzzifier, product inference rule, Gaussian membership functions and center average defuzzifier. Preliminary results showed a better performance when using the neural network-based approach in comparison to the fuzzy logic-based approach, obtaining in average a MSE of 0.02 and 0.09, respectively.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Creus, S.: Medición de nivel: Instrumentación Industrial, Alfaomega - Marcombo, (1998).
Nakagawa, T., Kogo, K., and Kurata, H.: Contactless liquid level measurement with frequency-modulated millimeter wave through opaque container. Sensors Journal, 13(3), 926-933 (2013).
Donlagic, D., Zabrsznik, M., and Donlagic, D.: Low frequency resonance level detector with neural network classification. Sensors and Actuators 55(2), 99-106 (1996).
Donlagic, D., Kumperskac, V., and Zabrsnik, M.: Low frequency acoustic resonance level gauge. Sensors and Actuators 57(3), 209-215 (1996).
Jung, S., Cho, S., and Kim, Y.T.: Level gauge by using the acoustic resonance frequency. Journal of the Korean Physical Society 43(5), 727 – 731 (2003).
Webster, E., and Davies, C.: The use of helmholtz resonance for measuring the volume of liquid and solids. Sensors, 10(12), 10663 – 10672 (2010).
Brunnader, R., and Holler, G.: Electroacustic model based pneumatic fill - level measurement for fluids and bulk solids. Advancement in Sensing Technology, 1, 165-180 (2013).
Lucklum, F., and Jakoby, B.: Principle of a non-contact liquid level sensor using electromagnetic-acoustic resonators. Elektrotechnik und Informations technik 126(1), 3-7 (2009).
Dam N., Austerlitz, H.P. System and method of non-invasive, discreet, continuous and multi-point level liquid sensing using flexural waves, U.S. patent 6 631 639, (2003).
Shina, D.: Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy. IEEE Potentials 11 (1992).
Costley, R., Henderson, M., Patel, H., Jones, E.W., Boudreaux, G.M., Plodinec, M.J.: The measurement of pressure and level of fill in sealed storage drums. NDT&E International, 40(4), 300-308(2007).
Hsieng-Huang, P., Zong-Hao, Y.: Liquid level detector for sealed gas tank based on spectral analysis. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing, Hong Kong, China, (2014).
Sides, P.: Aparatus and method for determining the liquid level in an un-modified tank. U.S. patent 13/859087, (2013).
Chan, K. Leung, T., Wong, W.O.: Free vibration on simply supported beam partially loaded with distributed mass. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 191(4), 590-597(1996).
Jacobs, M., Breeuwer, R., Kemmere, M.F., Keurentjes, J.T.F.: Contactless Liquid Detection in a partly filled tube by resonance. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 285(4), 1039-1048(2005).
Rao, S., Equation of Motion of a Beam in Transverse Vibration. Vibrations of Continuous Systems, John Willey & Sons, (2007).
Wang, L., Design of Fuzzy Systems Using Gradient Descendent Training, A course in Fuzzy Systems and Control, Prentice-Hall, (1996).
Haykin, S., Neural Networks and Learning Machines, Third Edition, A Comprehensive Foundation, Prentice-Hall, (2009).
Acknowledgments
The first author acknowledges the financial support from the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT), scholarship No. 235187.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sanchez-Diaz, J.C., Ramirez-Cortes, M., Gomez-Gil, P., Rangel-Magdaleno, J., Cruz-Vega, I., Peregrina-Barreto, H. (2017). Spectral Characterization of Content Level Based on Acoustic Resonance: Neural Network and Feedforward Fuzzy Net Approaches. In: Melin, P., Castillo, O., Kacprzyk, J. (eds) Nature-Inspired Design of Hybrid Intelligent Systems. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 667. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47054-2_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47054-2_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-47053-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-47054-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)