Abstract
This paper introduces the problem of high precision control in constrained wireless cyber-physical systems. We argue that balancing conflicting performance objectives, namely energy efficiency, high reliability and low latency, whilst concurrently enabling data collection and targeted message dissemination, are critical to the success of future applications of constrained wireless cyber-physical systems. We describe the contemporary art in practical collection and dissemination techniques, and select the most appropriate for evaluation. A comprehensive simulation study is presented and experimentally validated, the results of which show that the current art falls significantly short of desirable performance when inter-packet intervals decrease to those required for precision control. It follows that there is a significant need for further study and new solutions to solve this emerging problem.
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Notes
- 1.
The terms are hereinafter used interchangeably, and may apply to sending an actuation command or a reconfiguration command.
- 2.
Downward routing is a term also used to describe the traffic pattern for such messages, particularly in the standards community, e.g. [21].
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
The amended IEEE802.15.4e (TSCH) is insufficiently mature for consideration.
- 10.
We use the latest stable Contiki release, Contiki 2.7, available: http://www.contiki-os.org/download.html.
- 11.
The literature suggests typical \(IPI_C\) values \(\simeq 15\) s. We include this interval, in addition to approaching saturation and selecting numerous divergent values. The same is done for \(IPI_D\), where typical values for this frequency are relatively unknown.
- 12.
The average number of hops across all experiments is \(\simeq 4.3\).
- 13.
We consider asynchronous MACs to be those without global or centrally coordinated time synchronisation.
- 14.
We disregard the total ON time. For all \(IPI_D < 20\) s, ON is in the region 60–80%. We recalculate this as the sum of RX and TX active times, as they are reflective of the higher energy modes of the RFIC when listening and transmitting, respectively.
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© 2016 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
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Boyle, D., Kolcun, R., Yeatman, E. (2016). Towards Precision Control in Constrained Wireless Cyber-Physical Systems. In: Mandler, B., et al. Internet of Things. IoT Infrastructures. IoT360 2015. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 170. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47075-7_33
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