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International Conference on Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Applications

ICCSAMA 2017: Advanced Computational Methods for Knowledge Engineering pp 212–225Cite as

A Review of Technologies for Conversational Systems

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Part of the book series: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ((AISC,volume 629))

Abstract

During the last 50 years, since the development of ELIZA by Weizenbaum, technologies for developing conversational systems have made a great stride. The number of conversational systems is increasing. Conversational systems emerge almost in every digital device in many application areas. In this paper, we present the review of the development of conversational systems regarding technologies and their special features including language tricks.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Informatics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Julia Masche & Nguyen-Thinh Le

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  1. Julia Masche
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  2. Nguyen-Thinh Le
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Correspondence to Julia Masche .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Informatics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Nguyen-Thinh Le

  2. Department of Networked Systems and Services, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

    Tien van Do

  3. Department of Information Systems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland

    Ngoc Thanh Nguyen

  4. Theoretical and Applied Computer Science Laboratory, University of Lorraine, Metz, France

    Hoai An Le Thi

Appendix: Table of Reviewed Conversational Systems

Appendix: Table of Reviewed Conversational Systems

Year

Category (Name)

Technology

1966

Chatbot (ELIZA) (Weizenbaum 1966)

Pattern matching; keyword searching

1971

Chatbot (PARRY) (Colby 1981; Hutchens 1997)

Parsing, interpretation-action-module

1972

Chatbot (SHRDLU) (Winograd 1972; Hutchens 1997)

Parsing, grammatical detection, semantic analysis

1991

Chatbot (PC Therapist III) (Bradeško and Mladenić 2012)

Parsing, pattern matching, knowledge database (quotes & phrases)

1991

Speech Chatbot (Senef et al. 1991)

Parsing, Response Generator, Semantic Frame Representation, Pattern Matching

1994

Chatbot (TIPS) (Bradeško and Mladenić 2012)

Pattern matching, system similar to a database

1994

Chatbot (Chatterbot in TinyMud) (Mauldin 1994)

Pattern matching, Markov chain models

1996

Chatbot (HeX) (Hutchens 1997)

Pattern matching, Markov chain models

1996

Chatbot (Jabberwacky/Cleverbot) (Cleverbot 2016)

Cleverscript

1996

Speech Dialog System (TRAINS-95) (Ferguson et al. 1996)

Bottom-up chart parser; Discourse manager; Text generator; Language understanding; Verbal reasoner

1996

Speech Dialog System (RAILTEL) (Bennacef et al. 1996)

Speech recognition; Literal and contextual understanding; Parser, Dialog manager

1997

Chatbot (CONVERSE) (Batacharia et al. 1997; Bradeško and Mladenić, 2012)

Input module; Pre-processing; Parser; Pattern matching; WordNet synonyms; ontology; fact & person database; Action module; Topic change module; Utterance generator

1997

Speech Dialog System (Herman the Bug) (Lester et al. 1997)

Coherence-Structured Behavior Space Framework, Behaviour Control

1998

Chatbot (MegaHal) (Hutchens 1998)

Markov chain models; Keyword matching

1999

Dialog system (AutoTutor) (Graesser et al. 1999)

NLP (POS tags); Dialog move generator; Latent semantic analysis; Regular expression matching; Speech act classifiers

1998–99

Chatbot (Albert One) (Garner 2005; Bradeško and Mladenić 2012)

Pattern matching

2000

Speech Dialog System (REA) (Bickmore et al. 2000)

Discourse planner; Natural language generation engine

2000/01

Chatbot (A.L.I.C.E) (Wallace 2003)

AIML

2001

Chatbot (Eugene Goostman) (Eugene 2014; Veselov 2010)

Advanced Pattern Matching; Tokenization (dynamic)

2002

Chatbot (Ella) (Bradeško and Mladenić 2012)

Pattern matching, AIML, WorldNet

2003

Chatbot (Jabberwock) (Pirner 2005; Bradeško and Mladenić, 2012)

Parsing (Context Free Grammar); Pattern Matching; Markov Chains Models

2004

Speech Dialog System (LARRI) (Bohus et al. 2004)

Speech recognition; Dialog manager; Response generator; Parsing with semantic Grammar; Task Markup Language

2005

Dialog System (Freudbot) (Freudbot 2009)

AIML

2005

Dialog System (LSAbot) (Agostaro et al. 2005)

LSA, AIML (same knowledge database as ALICE)

2005

Dialog System (FAQchat) (Shawar et al. 2005)

Advanced Pattern Matching

2005

Embodied Dialog System (Max) (Kopp et al. 2005)

NLP, Dialog Manager; Interpreter; AIML

2005

Speech Dialog System (RITEL) (Galibert et al. 2005; Toney et al. 2008)

Speech Recognition; Parsing; Input Analysis, Named Entity Analysis; Lexical Analysis; Dialog Manager; Response Generator

2005

Chatbot (Pilato et al. 2005)

AIML, Latent Semantic Analysis

2006

Speech Dialog System (Eve) (Alexander et al. 2006; Sarrafzadeh et al. 2014)

Facial expression analysis; Case-Based Methods; Dialog Manager

2007

Dialog System (CALMsystem) (Kerly et al. 2007)

NLP techniques; Pattern Matching

2007

Chatbot (Discussion-Bot) (Feng et al. 2007)

Information-Retrieval and NLP techniques

2007

Speech Dialog System (MathGirls) (Kim et al. 2007)

Relational database where actions are stored

2008

Dialogue System (Penelope and Alex) (Doering et al. 2008)

AIML

2008

Dialogue System (Betty’s Brain) (Leelawong et al. 2008; Biswas et al. 2005)

Qualitative Reasoning Methods; Perception System; Knowledge Database

2008

Dialog System (HumoristBot) (Augello et al. 2008)

AIML

2010

Chatbot (Suzette) (Wilcox and Wilcox 2010)

ChatSript

2010

Dialog System (Senior Companion) (Wilks et al. 2010; Wilks et al. 2008)

Tokenization; POS tagging; Parsing; Information Extraction techniques (Named Entity Recognition); Reasoner; Dialog Manager

2011

Chatbot (Rosette) (Abdul-Kader et al. 2015)

ChatScript

2011

Speech Embodied Dialog System (JUSTIN und JUSTINA) (Kenny et al. 2011)

Speech Recognition; Parsing, Question-Answering; Pattern Matching; Dialog Manager; Response Generator

2011

Chatbot (Alencar et al. 2011)

AIML

2011

Dialog System (Operation ARIES!) (Forsyth et al. 2013)

Training Module; LSA; Regular Expressions; Pattern Matching

2012

Chatbot (IRIS) (Branchs et al. 2012)

Vector Space Model

2012

Chatbot (van Rosmalen et al. 2012)

Lexical analysis, AIML, semantic structure

2013

Chatbot (Mitsuku) (Abdul-Kader et al. 2015)

AIML

2013

Dialog System (Lasguido et al. 2013)

Dialog Manager; POS-Tagging, NER, Similarity Search

2013

Dialog System (Math Game) (Silvervarg et al. 2013)

AIML; Dialog Manager

2013

Dialog System (MetaTutor) (Bouchet et al. 2013; Harley et al. 2014)

NLP, Dialog Manager, Parsing, XML, Facial Expression Analysis

2013

Speech Dialog System (Planells et al. 2013)

Speech recognition; Task Manager, Multimodal Response Generator

2013

Dialog System (Prototype) (Dingli et al. 2013)

ChatScript, POS-Tagging, Response Generator

2014

Dialog System (Higashinaka et al. 2014)

Natural language understanding (Noun Phrase removal, POS-Tagging); Dialog Manager; Response Generator; Question-Answering; Pattern Matching

2014

Dialog System (Shibata et al. 2014)

Dialog Manager, Response Generator, Markov Chain Models

2014

Dialog System (SimStudent) (MacLellan et al. 2014)

Machine-Learning techniques; Regular Expressions

2014

Dialog System (My Science Tutor, Virtual Tutor Marni) (Pradhan et al. 2016)

Parsing; Semantic annotation

2015

Chatbot (Amilon 2015)

Parsing (Parser Trees); ConceptNet

2015

Speech Dialog System (dBot) (Ravichandran et al. 2015)

parsing, POS-Tagging, Noun-Phrase Extraction + Artificial Intelligence algorithm

2015

Dialog System (Model of Historical Personality) (Bogatu et al. 2015)

ChatScript, POS-Tagging, Tokenization, Lemmatization; Morphological analysis

2015

Dialog System (Pharmabot) (Comendador et al. 2015)

Parsing

2015

Dialog System (Albert) (Latorre-Navarro et al. 2015)

Dialog manager; ChatScript; NLU (POS Tags; Noun-Phrase Chunking; Lexical Relations)

2016

Chatbot (Chappie) (2016)

NLP; AIML; Response Generator

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Masche, J., Le, NT. (2018). A Review of Technologies for Conversational Systems. In: Le, NT., van Do, T., Nguyen, N., Thi, H. (eds) Advanced Computational Methods for Knowledge Engineering. ICCSAMA 2017. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 629. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61911-8_19

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