Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

GD-CAR: A Genetic Algorithm Based Dynamic Context Aware Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advances in Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS 2017)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies ((LNDECT,volume 7))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) are an extension of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) in which high mobility of nodes, unawareness of network topology, and unstable node to node connections are very common. These factors inhibit the implementation of traditional routing protocols in OppNets. Hence, an efficient routing technique for OppNets is required to make communication faster, efficient and reliable. In this paper, an advanced context based routing protocol named as GD-CAR is proposed. The GD-CAR protocol uses the genetic search algorithm to predict the path for a message by dynamically updating the context information. This information is stored by each node regarding the environment in which it is operating. A fitness criterion is used to parameterise the predicted path which is finally used to evaluate the efficiency of neighbouring nodes. Simulation results show that GD-CAR protocol outperforms Prophet and GAER protocols in terms of messages delivered and average buffer time while the results for overhead ratio are comparable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bluetooth, The Bluetooth Specification, http://www.bluetooth.com. Last visited 23 April 2017

  2. WiFi, http://www.wifinotes.com. Last visited 23 April 2017

  3. Lilien, L., Gupta, A., Yang, Z.: Opportunistic networks for emergency applications and their standard implementation framework. In: IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference, vol. 1 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dhurandher, S.K., Sharma, D.K., Woungang, I., Chao, H.C.: Performance evaluation of various routing protocols in opportunistic networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM Workshop, Houston, Texas, 5–9 December, pp. 1067–1071 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Musolesi, M., Hailes, S., Mascolo, C.: Adaptive routing for intermittently connected mobile ad hoc network. In: Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Symposium on World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Network (WOWMOM 2005), Naxos, Italy, 13–16 June, pp. 183–189 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Huang, C.-M., Lan, K.-C., Tsai, C.-Z.: A survey of opportunistic networks. In: 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, pp. 1672–1677 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Vahdat, A., Becker, D.: Epidemic routing for partially connected ad hoc networks. Technical report S-2000-06, Duke University, Durham

    Google Scholar 

  8. Spyropoulos, T., Psounis, K., Raghavendra, C.S.: Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks. Proceedings of SIGCOMM Workshop on Delay-Tolerant Networking, PA, USA, 22–26 August, pp. 252–259 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lindgren, A., Doria, A., Schelen, O.: Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks. ACM SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev. 7(3), 19–20 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Dhurandher, S.K., Borah, S.J., Obaidat, M.S., Sharma, D.K., Gupta, S., Baruah, B.: Probability-based controlled flooding in opportunistic networks. In: Proceedings of WINSYS- International Conference on Wireless Information Networks and Systems, pp. 3–6 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Dhurandher, S.K., Sharma, D.K., Woungang, I., Gupta, R., Garg, S.: GAER: genetic algorithm-based energy-efficient routing protocol for infrastructure-less opportunistic networks. J. Supercomput. (2014). Springer

    Google Scholar 

  12. Melanie, M.: An introduction to genetic algorithms. First MIT Press paperback edition. Cambridge (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lee, W.Y., Hong, T.P.: Adapting crossover and mutation rates in genetic algorithms. J. Inf. Sci. Eng. 19, 889–903 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Soni, N., Kumar, T.: Study of various crossover operation in genetic algorithms. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol. 5(6), 7235–7238 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Keranen, A.: Opportunistic network environment simulator. Special assignment report. HelsinkiUniversity of Technology, Dept. of Communications and Networking (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Deza, E., Deza, M.M.: Encyclopaedia of Distances, 1st edn., p. 9. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gupta, A., Bansal, A., Naryani, D., Sharma, D.K.: CRPO: cognitive routing protocol for opportunistic networks. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Compilation, Computing and Communications (HP3C 2017), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 121–125 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAITFS, Department of Information Technology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Deepak Kumar Sharma, Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher, Aman Bansal & Apoorv Gupta

  2. Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Isaac Woungang

Authors
  1. Deepak Kumar Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Isaac Woungang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Aman Bansal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Apoorv Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Isaac Woungang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Information Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan

    Leonard Barolli

  2. Rissho University, Tokyo, Japan

    Tomoya Enokido

  3. Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan

    Makoto Takizawa

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Cite this paper

Sharma, D.K., Dhurandher, S.K., Woungang, I., Bansal, A., Gupta, A. (2018). GD-CAR: A Genetic Algorithm Based Dynamic Context Aware Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks. In: Barolli, L., Enokido, T., Takizawa, M. (eds) Advances in Network-Based Information Systems. NBiS 2017. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65521-5_53

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65521-5_53

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-65520-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-65521-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation