Skip to main content

CRutoN: Automatic Verification of a Robotic Assistant’s Behaviours

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Critical Systems: Formal Methods and Automated Verification (AVoCS 2017, FMICS 2017)

Abstract

The Care-O-bot is an autonomous robotic assistant that can support people in domestic and other environments. The behaviour of the robot can be defined by a set of high level control rules. The adoption and further development of such robotic assistants is inhibited by the absence of assurances about their safety. In previous work, formal models of the robot behaviour and its environment were constructed by hand and model checkers were then used to check whether desirable formal temporal properties were satisfied for all possible system behaviours. In this paper we describe the details of the software CRutoN, that provides an automatic translation from sets of robot control rules into input for the model checker NuSMV. We compare our work with previous attempts to formally verify the robot control rules, discuss the potential applications of the approach, and consider future directions of research.

This work was supported by both the Sir Joseph Rotblat Alumni Scholarship at Liverpool and the EPSRC Research Programme EP/K006193/1 Trustworthy Robotic Assistants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The software, sample output files, and input used in this paper, are available at https://github.com/PaulGainer/CRutoN.

  2. 2.

    http://accompanyproject.eu.

  3. 3.

    https://github.com/uh-adapsys/accompany.

References

  1. Cimatti, A., Clarke, E., Giunchiglia, E., Giunchiglia, F., Pistore, M., Roveri, M., Sebastiani, R., Tacchella, A.: NuSMV 2: an OpenSource tool for symbolic model checking. In: Brinksma, E., Larsen, K.G. (eds.) CAV 2002. LNCS, vol. 2404, pp. 359–364. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). doi:10.1007/3-540-45657-0_29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Cowley, A., Taylor, C.J.: Towards language-based verification of robot behaviors. In: Proceedings of IROS 2011, pp. 4776–4782. IEEE (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Dixon, C., Webster, M., Saunders, J., Fisher, M., Dautenhahn, K.: “The fridge door is open”–temporal verification of a robotic assistant’s behaviours. In: Mistry, M., Leonardis, A., Witkowski, M., Melhuish, C. (eds.) TAROS 2014. LNCS, vol. 8717, pp. 97–108. Springer, Cham (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10401-0_9

    Google Scholar 

  4. Duque, I., Dautenhahn, K., Koay, K.L., Willcock, L., Christianson, B.: Knowledge-driven user activity recognition for a smart house? Development and validation of a generic and low-cost, resource-efficient system. In: Proceedings of ACHI 2013. IARIA XPS Press (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gainer, P.: Verification for a robotic assistant. Technical report, ULCS-17-003, Department of Computer Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Holzmann, G.J.: The SPIN Model Checker: Primer and Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley, Reading (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  7. ISO: Robots and robotic devices - safety requirements for personal care robots. ISO 13482: 2014, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kouskoulas, Y., Renshaw, D., Platzer, A., Kazanzides, P.: Certifying the safe design of a virtual fixture control algorithm for a surgical robot. In: Proceedings of HSCC 2013, pp. 263–272. ACM (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  9. McMillan, K.L.: The SMV language. Technical report, Cadence Berkeley Labs (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Mohammed, A., Stolzenburg, F., Furbach, U.: Multi-robot systems: modeling, specification, and model checking. INTECH Open Access Publisher (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Quigley, M., Conley, K., Gerkey, B., Faust, J., Foote, T., Leibs, J., Wheeler, R., Ng, A.Y.: ROS: an open-source robot operating system. In: Proceedings of the ICRA Workshop on Open Source Software in Robotics (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Reiser, U., Connette, C., Fischer, J., Kubacki, J., Bubeck, A., Weisshardt, F., Jacobs, T., Parlitz, C., Hägele, M., Verl, A.: Care-o-bot® 3: creating a product vision for service robot applications by integrating design and technology. In: Proceedings of IROS 2009, pp. 1992–1998. IEEE (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Saunders, J., Burke, N., Koay, K.L., Dautenhahn, K.: A user friendly robot architecture for re-ablement and co-learning in a sensorised home. In: Proceedings of AAATE 2013, pp. 49–58. IOS Press (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Saunders, J., Syrdal, D.S., Koay, K.L., Burke, N., Dautenhahn, K.: “Teach Me-Show Me”—end-user personalization of a smart home and companion robot. IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst. 46(1), 27–40 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sierhuis, M., Clancey, W.J.: Modeling and simulating work practice: a method for work systems design. IEEE Intell. Syst. 17(5), 32–41 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Stocker, R., Dennis, L., Dixon, C., Fisher, M.: Verifying Brahms human-robot teamwork models. In: Cerro, L.F., Herzig, A., Mengin, J. (eds.) JELIA 2012. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 7519, pp. 385–397. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33353-8_30

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Webster, M., Dixon, C., Fisher, M., Salem, M., Saunders, J., Koay, K.L., Dautenhahn, K., Saez-Pons, J.: Toward reliable autonomous robotic assistants through formal verification: a case study. IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst. 46(2), 186–196 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul Gainer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this paper

Cite this paper

Gainer, P. et al. (2017). CRutoN: Automatic Verification of a Robotic Assistant’s Behaviours. In: Petrucci, L., Seceleanu, C., Cavalcanti, A. (eds) Critical Systems: Formal Methods and Automated Verification. AVoCS FMICS 2017 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10471. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67113-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67113-0_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67112-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-67113-0

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics