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Electrochemical Sensor Designs for Biomedical Implants

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Abstract

The need to record directly the sensing target of interest in the vicinity of where a physiological and clinically relevant event takes place, rather than indirectly or through surrogate measures, has led to the need for implantable monitoring devices. In addition to ensuring the sensitivity and specificity of sensor responses, issues related to sensor fouling, drift , biocompatibility , and hermeticity of the packaging are important considerations. This chapter examines the current state of the art of sensing techniques, focusing on electrochemical methods (potentiometry , amperometry , and voltammetry ), due to their simplicity in design and fabrication [1], as well as low-power operation .

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Abbreviations

AIROF:

Anodic iridium oxide film

Al2O3:

Aluminium oxide

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

CMOS:

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor

CNS:

Central nervous system

DOS:

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate

ESD:

Electrostatic discharge

FEM:

Finite element analysis

FET:

Field-effect transistor

FG-MOS:

Floating-gate MOS

GA:

Glutaraldehyde

GERD:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

GI tract:

Gastro intestinal tract

IrOx:

Iridium oxide

ISE:

Ion-selective electrode

ISFET:

Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor

LPCVD:

Low pressure chemical vapour deposition

L-PEI:

Linear polyethylenimine polymer

LPF:

Low-pass filter

L-PPI:

Linear polypropyleneimine polymer

MMO:

Metal-metal-oxide

MNOS:

Metal-nitride-oxide-silicon

MOSFET:

Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

NMOS:

N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor

OCP:

Open circuit potential

o-NPOE:

2-nitrophenyloctyl ether

p(HEMA):

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

PECVD:

Low temperature chemical vapour deposition

PEDOT:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polymer

PEG:

Poly(ethylene glycol)

PMOS:

P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor

PVC:

Polyvinylchloride

RE:

Reference electrode

ReFET:

Reference FET

Si3N4:

Silicon nitride

SIROF:

Sputtered Ir(Ox) films

SNP:

Single-nucleotide polymorphism

SsDNA:

Single-Stranded Deoxyribonucleic acid

Ta2O5:

Tantalum oxide

UV exposure:

Ultraviolet exposure

WE:

Working electrode

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    S. Anastasova, P. Kassanos & Guang-Zhong Yang

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Anastasova, S., Kassanos, P., Yang, GZ. (2018). Electrochemical Sensor Designs for Biomedical Implants. In: Yang, GZ. (eds) Implantable Sensors and Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69748-2_2

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