Abstract
For data exchange of implantable devices, wireless links are unavoidable except for the case when an indwelling catheter or probe is allowed to establish either a direct or close contact with the implantable sensor. Light transmission via optical fibers can offer a solution to accomplish data exchange. However, without a conductive path to the outside world, the environment found inside the human body for the propagation of electromagnetic radiation poses new challenges. The problem of data exchange in implantable sensors only encounters a contender of the same level when sensor powering comes to play, at least for active sensing systems. It is therefore possible to retrieve data from passive sensors with no need for DC powering, as will be discussed later in this chapter. Nevertheless, the vast majority of implantable sensors are still actively powered and the subject of power consumption cannot be overlooked. Low power consumption is of paramount importance in implantables to ensure long-term function of the sensor and patient safety.
Keywords
- Power Harvesting
- Data Exchange Link
- Implantable Sensors
- Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS)
- MICS Band
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- AC:
-
Alternate current
- ADC:
-
Analog-to-digital converter
- AM:
-
Amplitude modulation
- ASIC:
-
Application specific integrated circuit
- ASK:
-
Amplitude shift keying
- BPSK:
-
Binary phase shift keying
- BSN:
-
Body sensor network
- BVD:
-
Butterworth–Van Dyke Model
- CMOS:
-
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- CW:
-
Continuous wave
- DAC:
-
Digital-to-analog converter
- DBB:
-
Digital baseband
- DC:
-
Direct current
- DPSK:
-
Differential phase shift keying
- DRAM:
-
Dynamic random access memory
- DSSH:
-
Double synchronized switch harvesting
- ECG:
-
Electrocardiogram
- EM:
-
Electromagnetic
- FBAR:
-
Film bulk acoustic resonator
- FCC:
-
Federal Communications Commission
- FDA:
-
Food and Drug Administration
- FM:
-
Frequency modulation
- FSK:
-
Frequency shift keying
- IC:
-
Integrated circuit
- IDT:
-
Interdigital transducer
- IoT:
-
Internet of things
- ISM:
-
Industrial, scientific and medical band
- KLM:
-
Krimholtz–Leedom–Matthaei model
- LC:
-
Inductor–capacitor circuit
- LDO:
-
Low drop output
- LED:
-
Light-emitting diode
- LPF:
-
Low-pass filter
- LSK:
-
Load shift modulation
- MEMS:
-
Microelectromechanical system
- MES:
-
Miller encoding scheme
- MFC:
-
Micro-fibre composites
- MICS:
-
Medical implant communication service band
- MOSFET:
-
Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
- MPE:
-
Maximum permissible exposure
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
- OOK:
-
On-off keying
- PA:
-
Power amplifier
- PDMS:
-
Polydimethylsiloxane
- PCL:
-
Polyprolactone
- PLL:
-
Phase-locked loop
- PLLA:
-
Polyactide
- PM:
-
Phase modulation
- PMOS:
-
p-channel MOSFET
- PMU:
-
Power management unit
- POR:
-
Power-on-reset
- PPy:
-
Polypyrrole
- PSK:
-
Phase shift keying
- PTE:
-
Power transfer efficiency
- PUT:
-
Programmable unijunction transistor
- PV:
-
Photovoltaic array
- PVDF:
-
Polyvinylidene difluoride
- PWM:
-
Pulse-width modulation
- RC:
-
Resistor–capacitor circuit
- RF:
-
Radiofrequency
- RFID:
-
Radiofrequency identifier
- RLC:
-
Resistor–inductor–capacitor circuit
- RX:
-
Receiver
- SAR:
-
Specific absorption rate
- SAW:
-
Surface acoustic wave resonator
- SCR:
-
Silicon controlled rectifier
- SDRAM:
-
Synchronous dynamic random access memory
- SECE:
-
Synchronous electric charge extractor
- SSHI:
-
Synchronized switch harvesting on inductor
- TEG:
-
Thermoelectric generator
- TX:
-
Transmitter
- USB:
-
Universal serial bus
- UTET:
-
Ultrasonic transcutaneous energy transfer
- UWB:
-
Ultra-wide band
- VCO:
-
Voltage-controlled oscillator
- WMTS:
-
Wireless medical telemetry service band
- WPC:
-
Wireless power consortium
References
K. Bazaka, M.V. Jacob, Implantable devices: issues and challenges. Electronics 2, 1–34 (2013)
A. Dewan et al., Alternative power sources for remote sensors: A review. J. Power Sources 245, 129–143 (2014)
D. Pech et al., Ultrahigh-power micrometre-sized supercapacitors based on onion-like carbon. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 651–654 (2010)
S. Xu et al., Stretchable batteries with self-similar serpentine interconnects and integrated wireless recharging systems. Nat. Commun. 4, 1543 (2013)
J. Olivo et al., Biofuel cells and inductive powering as energy harvesting techniques for implantable sensors. Sci. Adv. Mater. 3, 420–425 (2011)
S. Kerzenmacher et al., Energy harvesting by implantable abiotically catalyzed glucose fuel cells. J. Power Sources 182, 1–17 (2008)
P. Cinquin et al., A glucose biofuel cell implanted in rats. PLoS ONE 5(5), e10476 (2010)
E. Katz, K. MacVittie, Implanted biofuel cells operating in vivo—methods, applications and perspectives—feature article. Energy Environm. Sci. 6, 2791–2803 (2013)
P.P. Mercier et al., Energy extraction from the biologic battery in the inner ear. Nat. Biotechnol. 30(12), 1240–1243 (2012)
M. Khan et al., A novel SPICE implementation of MPPT technique for implantable solar powered cardiac biosensors, in 9th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS) (2014)
S. Ayazian et al., A photovoltaic-driven and energy-autonomous CMOS implantable sensor. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 6(4), 336–343 (2012)
K. Sankaragomathi et al., A 27 μW subcutaneous wireless biosensing platform with optical power and data transfer, in IEEE Proceedings of the Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 1–4 (2014)
Y. Yang et al., Suitability of a thermoelectric power generator for implantable electronic devices. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 40, 5790–5800 (2007)
C. Wu et al., A pliable and batteryless real-time ecg monitoring system-in-a-patch, in IEEE Transactions on Very Large Integration Systems, 2015
M. Ashraf and N. Masoumi, A thermal energy harvesting power supply with an internal startup circuit for pacemakers, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Integration Systems (2015)
S.E. Jo et al., Flexible thermoelectric generator for human body heat energy harvesting. Electron. Lett. 48(16), 1013–1015 (2012)
C. Watkins et al., Low-grade-heat energy harvesting using superlattice thermoelectrics for applications in implantable medical devices and sensors, in International Conference on Thermoelectrics (2005)
D. Rozgic, D. Markovic, A 0.78 mW/cm2 autonomous thermoelectric energy-harvester for biomedical sensors, in Symposium on VLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers (2015)
H. Zhang et al., A flexible and implantable piezoelectric generator harvesting energy from the pulsation of the ascending aorta: in vitro and in vivo studies. Nano Energy 12, 296–304 (2015)
N. Fadhil et al., Energy harvesting using nano scale dual layers PVDF film for blood artery, in IEEE Long Island Systems, Applications and Technology Conference, pp. 1–6 (2013)
M.A. Karami, D.J. Inman, Powering pacemakers from heartbeat vibrations using linear and nonlinear energy harvesters. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 042901 (2012)
M. Deterre et al., Micro blood pressure energy harvester for intracardiac pacemaker. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 23(3), 651–660 (2014)
Z. Lin Wang, Self-powered nanotech, in Scientific American, pp. 82–87 (2008)
R. Jagadeesan, Y. Guo, Topology selection and efficiency improvement of inductive power links. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60(10), 4846–4854 (2012)
W. Zhang et al., Analysis and comparison of secondary series- and parallel-compensated inductive power transfer system operating for optimal efficiency and load-independent voltage-transfer ratio. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 29(6), 2979–2990 (2014)
T. Le et al., Piezoelectric micro-power generation interface circuits, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits, 41(6), 1411–1420 (2006)
S. Mandal, R. Sarpeshkar, Low-power CMOS rectifier design for RFID applications. IEEE TCAS-I Regul. Pap. 54(6), 1177–1188 (2007)
P. Si et al., A frequency control method for regulating wireless power to implantable devices. IEEE TBCAS 2(1), 22–29 (2008)
M. Kiani et al., A Q-modulation technique for efficient inductive power transmission, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits (2015) (accepted and available online)
M.W. Baker, R. Sarpeshkar, Feedback analysis and design of RF power links for low-power bionic systems. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 1(1), 28–38 (2007)
M. Kiani et al., Design and optimization of a 3-coil inductive link for efficiency wireless power transmission. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 5(6), 579–591 (2011)
A. Sample et al., Analysis, experimental results, and range adaptation of magnetically coupled resonators for wireless power transfer. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 58(2), 544–554 (2011)
M.L. Kung, K.H. Lin, Enhanced analysis and design method of dual-band coil module for near-field wireless power transfer systems. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory and Tech. 63(3), 821–832 (2015)
Z. Tang et al., Data transmission from an implantable biotelemeter by load-shift keying using circuit configuration modulator. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 42(5), 524–528 (1995)
S. Mandal, R. Sarpeshkar, Power-efficient impedance-modulation wireless data links for biomedical implants. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2(4), 301–315 (2008)
F. Inanlou, M. Ghovanloo, Wideband near-field data transmission using pulse harmonic modulation, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap. 58(1), 186–195 (2011)
M. Kiani, M. Ghovanloo, A 13.56 Mbps pulse delay modulation based transceiver for simultaneous near-field data and power transmission. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 9(1), 1–11 (2015)
K. Fotopoulou, B. Flynn, Wireless power transfer in loosely coupled links: Coil misalignment model. IEEE Trans. Magnet. 47(2), 416–430 (2011)
J.S. Ho, A.S. Poon, Midfield wireless powering for implantable systems. Proc. IEEE 101(6), 1369–1378 (2013)
S. Leung, D. Lam, Performance of printed polymer-based RFID antenna on curvilinear surface. IEEE Transactions on Electronics Packaging Manufacturing 30(3), 200–205 (2007)
G. Fotheringham et al., Parameterization of bent coils on curbed flexible surface substrates for RFID applications, in 59th Conference on Electronic Components and Technology (2009)
U.M. Jow, M. Ghovanloo, Modeling and optimization of printed spiral coils in air, saline, and muscle tissue environments. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 3(5), 339–347 (2009)
ICNIRP: Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz), Health Phys. 74, 494–522 (1998)
A. Christ et al., Evaluation of wireless resonant power transfer system with human electromagnetic exposure limits. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 55(2), 265–274 (2013)
T. Sunohara et al., Induced field and SAR in human body model due to wireless power transfer system with induction coupling, in IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Tokyo (2014)
A. Al-Kalbani et al., Electromagnetic interference in brain implants using multiple coils: biosafety and data communication performance. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 56(2), 490–493 (2014)
C. Sauer et al., Power harvesting and telemetry in CMOS for implanted devices, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst I Regul Pap. 52(12), 2605–2613 (2005)
B. Lenaerts, R. Puers, An inductive power link for a wireless endoscope. Biosens. Bioelectron. 22, 1390–1395 (2007)
K. M. Silay et al., Load optimization of an inductive power link for remote powering of biomedical implants, in IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 533–536 (2009)
Y. Hu, M. Sawan, A fully integrated low-power BPSK demodulator for implantable medical devices, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap. 52(12), 2552–2562 (2005)
M. Piedade et al., Visual neuroprosthesis: a non invasive system for stimulating the cortex, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap. 52(12), 2648–2662 (2005)
R.A. Bercich et al., Far-field RF powering of implantable devices: safety considerations. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 60(8), 2107–2112 (2013)
A. Ba et al., A 0.33 nJ/bit IEEE802.15.6/proprietary MICS/ISM wireless transceiver with scalable data rate for medical implantable applications. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf. 19(3), 920–929 (2015)
R.E. Diaz, T. Sebastian, Electromagnetic limits to radiofrequency (RF) neuronal telemetry. Nat. Sci. Rep. 3, 3535 (2013)
E.Y. Chow et al., Implantable RF medical devices. IEEE Microwave Mag. 14(4), 64–73 (2013)
C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd edn. (Wiley, New Jersey, 2005)
I. Singh, V.S. Tripathi, Micro strip patch antenna and its applications: a survey. Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol. 2(5), 1595–1599 (2011)
A. Kumar et al., Performance analysis of different feeding techniques. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng. 3(3), 884–890 (2013)
P. Anacleto et al., Micro antennas for implantable medical devices, in IEEE 3rd Portuguese Meeting in Bioengineering, pp. 1–4 (2013)
C.L. Yang et al., Low-invasive implantable devices of low-power consumption using high-efficiency antennas for cloud health care. IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems 2(1), 14–23 (2012)
L.Y. Chen et al., Continuous wireless pressure monitoring and mapping with ultra-small passive sensors for health monitoring and critical care. Nat. Commun. 5, 5028 (2013)
M. Shakib et al., Design of a tri-band implantable antenna for wireless telemetry applications, in IEEE International Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications, pp. 1–3 (2014)
D.D. Karnaushenko et al., Compact helical antenna for smart implant applications. Nat. Publ. Group Asia Mater. 7, e188 (2015)
S.Y. Wu et al., 3D-printed microelectronics for integrated circuitry and passive wireless sensors. Nat. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 1, 15013 (2015)
N. Shariati et al., Multi-service highly sensitive rectifier for enhanced RF energy scavenging. Nat. Sci. Rep. 5, 9655 (2015)
J. Walk et al., Improvements of wireless communication and energy harvesting aspects for implantable sensor interfaces by using the split frequencies concept, in IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, pp. 406–409 (2011)
D.W. Gulik, B.C. Towe, Characterization of simple wireless neurostimulators and sensors, in IEEE 36th Annual International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 3130–3133 (2014)
R. Ahmed et al., An RFID front end for smart biological sensing, in IEEE 55th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 778–781 (2012)
E.Y. Chow et al., Wireless powering and the study of RF propagation through ocular tissue for development of implantable sensors. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 59(6), 2379–2387 (2011)
K. Okabe et al., A thin film flexible antenna with CMOS rectifier chip for RF-powered implantable neural interfaces, in IEEE 18th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, pp. 1751–1754 (2015)
E.Y. Chow et al., Fully wireless implantable cardiovascular pressure monitor integrated with a medical stent. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 57(6), 1487–1496 (2010)
P. Cong et al., A wireless and batteryless 10-bit implantable blood pressure sensing microsystem with adaptive RF powering for real-time laboratory mice monitoring. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 44(12), 3631–3644 (2009)
D. Venuto, J. Rabaey, RFID transceiver for wireless powering brain implanted microelectrodes and backscattered neural data collection. Microelectron. J. 45, 1585–1594 (2014)
M. Arsalan et al., A 5.2 GHz, 0.5 mW RF powered wireless sensor with dual on-chip antennas for implantable intraocular pressure monitoring, in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (2013)
J. Mao et al., A subgigahertz UWB transmitter with wireless clock harvesting for RF-powered applications, IEEE Trans. Circuits Sys. II Express Briefs 61(5), 314–318 (2014)
C. M. Boutry et al., RF conductivity of biodegradable conductive polymers used for a new generation of partially/fully resorbable wireless implantable sensors, in IEEE 25th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, pp. 468–471 (2012)
S.G. Kim et al., A highly sensitive and label free biosensing platform for wireless sensor node system. Biosens. Bioelectron. 50, 362–367 (2013)
N.Y. Kim et al., A reusable robust radio frequency biosensor using microwave resonator by integrated passive device technology for quantitative detection of glucose level. Biosens. Bioelectron. 67, 687–693 (2015)
R. Melik et al., Metamaterial-based wireless RF-MEMS strain sensors, in IEEE Sensors, pp. 2173–2176 (2010)
J.H. Lee et al., High temperature, high power piezoelectric composite transducers. Sensors 14, 14526–14552 (2014)
R. Calio et al., Piezoelectric energy harvesting solutions. Sensors 14, 4755–4790 (2014)
T.L. Szabo, Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: Inside Out (Elsevier Inc, London, 2004)
Z. Suo, Theory of dielectric elastomers. Acta Mechanica Solida 23(6), 549–578 (2010)
S. Ozeri, D. Shmilovitz, Simultaneous backward data transmission and power harvesting in an ultrasonic transcutaneous energy transfer link employing acoustically dependent electric impedance modulation. Ultrasonics 54, 1929–1937 (2014)
A. Denisov, E. Yeatman, Ultrasonic vs. inductive power delivery for miniature biomedical implants, in IEEE International Conference on Body Sensor Networks, pp. 84–89 (2010)
Y. Zhu et al., Ultrasonic energy transmission and conversion using a 2-D MEMS resonator. IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. 31(4), 374–376 (2010)
A. Fowler et al., An omnidirectional MEMS ultrasonic energy harvester for implanted devices. J. Microelectromech. Sys. 23(6), 1454–1462 (2014)
Q. He et al., MEMS-based ultrasonic transducer as the receiver for wireless power supply of the implantable microdevices. Sens. Actuators A 219, 65–72 (2014)
S. Ozeri et al., Ultrasonic transcutaneous energy transfer using a continuous wave 650 kHz Gaussian shagged transmitter. Ultrasonics 50, 666–674 (2010)
S. Ozeri, D. Shmilovitz, Ultrasonic transcutaneous energy transfer for powering implanted devices. Ultrasonics 50, 556–566 (2010)
M. Xu, L.V. Wang, Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 041101 (2006)
K.W. Dongen, W.M. Wright, A forward model and conjugate gradient inversion technique for low-frequency ultrasonic imaging. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120(4), 2086–2095 (2006)
F. Mazzilli et al., Ultrasound energy harvesting system for deep implanted-medical-devices (IMDs), in IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 2865–2868 (2012)
Y. Liu et al., Active piezoelectric energy harvesting: general principle and experimental demonstration. J. Int. Mater. Sys. Struct. 20, 575–585 (2009)
J. Qiu et al., Comparison between four piezoelectric energy harvesting circuits. Front. Mech. Eng. China 4(2), 153–159 (2009)
D. Guyomar et al., Energy harvesting from ambient vibrations and heat. J. Intell. Mater. Sys. Struct. 20, 609–623 (2009)
J. Park et al., The effect of switch triggering offset and switch on-time duration on harvested power in synchronized switch harvesting on inductor. Int. J. Smart Home 7(3), 207–218 (2013)
A. Nechibvute et al., Piezoelectric energy harvesting using synchronized switching techniques. Int. J. Eng. Technol. 2(6), 936–946 (2012)
M.L. Navaii et al., An ultra-low power RF interface for wireless-implantable microsystems. Microelectron. J. 43, 848–856 (2012)
Y. Ammar, S. Basrour, Non-linear techniques for increasing harvesting energy from piezoelectric and electromagnetic micro-power-generators, in Dans Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS/MOEMS, Stresa, Italy (2006)
A. Sanni et al., Inductive and ultrasonic multi-tier interface for low-power, deeply implantable medical device. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Sys. 6(4), 297–308 (2012)
L. Cheng et al., Wireless, power-free and implantable nanosystem for resistance-based biodetection. Nano Energy 15, 598–606 (2015)
W.S. Jung et al., High output piezo/triboelectric hybrid generator. Nat. Sci. Rep. 5, 9309 (2015)
D. Seo et al., Neural Dust: An Ultrasonic, Low Power Solution for Chronic Brain-Machine Interfaces (Cornell University Library, Berkeley, 2013)
G. Wild, S. Hinckley, Acoustic transmissions for wireless communications and power supply in biomedical devices, in Proceedings of 20th International Congress on Acoustics (2010)
J. Charthad et al., A mm-sized implantable medical device (IMD) with ultrasonic power transfer and a hybrid bi-directional data link. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 50(8), 1741–1753 (2015)
B.M. Rosa, G.Z. Yang, Active implantable sensor powered by ultrasounds with application in the monitoring of physiological parameters for soft tissue, in IEEE Conference on Body Sensor Networks (2016)
I. Voiculescu, A.N. Nordin, Acoustic wave based MEMS devices for biosensing applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 33, 1–9 (2012)
N. Gopalsami et al., SAW microsensor brain implant for prediction and monitoring of seizures. IEEE Sens. J. 7(7), 977–982 (2007)
G. Martin et al., Measuring the inner body temperature using a wireless temperature saw-sensor-based system, in IEEE Conference: Ultrasonics Symposium, 4 (2005)
X. Ye et al., Studies of a high-sensitive surface acoustic wave sensor for passive wireless blood pressure measurement. Sens. Actuators A 169, 74–82 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gil, B., Ip, H., Yang, GZ. (2018). Power Harvesting and Data Exchange Links. In: Yang, GZ. (eds) Implantable Sensors and Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69748-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69748-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69747-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69748-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)