Abstract
Random forest is an effective tool for locating facial landmarks. In this paper, we propose a novel random forest based face alignment method using local probabilistic features (LPF). Here, the LPF has the property of calculating the probability of a sample belonging to the leaf nodes of a tree. The obtained LPF is then used to train a regression model for approximating to the real location of facial landmarks. The above procedure is repeated several times step-by-step in a cascaded form until the model converges. In the end, various convergent results are combined to overcome the instability of a single one. By this way, our method markedly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our algorithm on various face alignment datasets.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Asthana, A., Zafeiriou, S., Cheng, S., Pantic, M.: Robust discriminative response map fitting with constrained local models, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 3444–3451 (2013)
Belhumeur, P.N., Jacobs, D.W., Kriegman, D.J., Kumar, N.: Localizing parts of faces using a consensus of exemplars. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 545–552 (2011)
Bosch, A., Zisserman, A., Munoz, X.: Image classification using random forests and ferns. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1–8 (2007)
Breiman, L.: Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45(1), 5–32 (2001)
Burgos-Artizzu, X.P., Perona, P., Dollar, P.: Robust face landmark estimation under occlusion. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1513–1520 (2013)
Cao, X., Wei, Y., Wen, F., Sun, J.: Face alignment by explicit shape regression. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 107(2), 177–190 (2014)
Cootes, T.F., Edwards, G.J., Taylor, C.J.: Active appearance models. IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell. 23(6), 681–685 (2001)
Cootes, T.F., Taylor, C.J., Cooper, D.H., Graham, J.: Active shape models-their training and application. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 61(1), 38–59 (1995)
Cristinacce, D., Cootes, T.F.: Feature detection and tracking with constrained local models. In: 2006 British Machine Vision Conference, Edinburgh, UK, September, pp. 929–938 (2006)
Dantone, M., Gall, J., Fanelli, G., Van Gool, L.: Real-time facial feature detection using conditional regression forests. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2578–2585 (2012)
Dollar, P., Welinder, P., Perona, P.: Cascaded pose regression, vol. 238, no. 6, pp. 1078–1085. IEEE (2010)
Fan, R.E., Chang, K.W., Hsieh, C.J., Wang, X.R., Lin, C.J.: Liblinear: a library for large linear classification. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9, 1871–1874 (2008)
Huang, Z., Zhao, X., Shan, S., Wang, R., Chen, X.: Coupling alignments with recognition for still-to-video face recognition. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 3296–3303 (2013)
Kazemi, V., Sullivan, J.: One millisecond face alignment with an ensemble of regression trees. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1867–1874 (2014)
Kumar, N., Belhumeur, P., Nayar, S.: FaceTracer: a search engine for large collections of images with faces. In: Forsyth, D., Torr, P., Zisserman, A. (eds.) ECCV 2008. LNCS, vol. 5305, pp. 340–353. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88693-8_25
Le, V., Brandt, J., Lin, Z., Bourdev, L., Huang, T.S.: Interactive facial feature localization. In: Fitzgibbon, A., Lazebnik, S., Perona, P., Sato, Y., Schmid, C. (eds.) ECCV 2012. LNCS, vol. 7574, pp. 679–692. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33712-3_49
Lu, C., Tang, X.: Surpassing human-level face verification performance on LRW with Gaussian face. Computer Science (2014)
Luo, C., Jiang, C., Yu, J., Wang, Z.: Expressive facial animation from videos. In: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 4617–4621 (2014)
Messer, K., Matas, J., Kittler, J., Jonsson, K., Luettin, J., Maitre, G.: XM2VTSDB: the extended M2VTS database. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication, pp. 72–77 (2000)
Ramanan, D., Zhu, X.: Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2879–2886 (2012)
Ren, S., Cao, X., Wei, Y., Sun, J.: Face alignment at 3000 fps via regressing local binary features. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 25(3), 1685–1692 (2014)
Sagonas, C., Tzimiropoulos, G., Zafeiriou, S., Pantic, M.: A semi-automatic methodology for facial landmark annotation. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp. 896–903 (2013)
Schölkopf, B., Platt, J., Hofmann, T.: Fast discriminative visual codebooks using randomized clustering forests. In: NIPS, pp. 985–992 (2007)
Sun, Y., Wang, X., Tang, X.: Deep convolutional network cascade for facial point detection, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 3476–3483 (2013)
Tzimiropoulos, G., Pantic, M.: Gauss-Newton deformable part models for face alignment in-the-wild. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 1851–1858 (2014)
Xiong, X., Torre, F.D.L.: Supervised descent method and its applications to face alignment. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 532–539 (2013)
Yu, X., Huang, J., Zhang, S., Yan, W., Metaxas, D.N.: Pose-free facial landmark fitting via optimized part mixtures and cascaded deformable shape model. In: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp. 1944–1951 (2013)
Zhang, J., Shan, S., Kan, M., Chen, X.: Coarse-to-fine auto-encoder networks (CFAN) for real-time face alignment. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8690, pp. 1–16. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10605-2_1
Zhang, Z., Luo, P., Loy, C.C., Tang, X.: Facial landmark detection by deep multi-task learning. In: Fleet, D., Pajdla, T., Schiele, B., Tuytelaars, T. (eds.) ECCV 2014. LNCS, vol. 8694, pp. 94–108. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10599-4_7
Zhang, Z., Luo, P., Chen, C.L., Tang, X.: Learning deep representation for face alignment with auxiliary attributes. IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell. 38(5), 918 (2016)
Zhu, S., Li, C., Chen, C.L., Tang, X.: Face alignment by coarse-to-fine shape searching. In: CVPR, pp. 4998–5006 (2015)
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61472393, No. 61572450 and No. 61303150), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WK2350000002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lu, Q., Yu, J., Wang, Z. (2018). Face Alignment Using Local Probabilistic Features. In: Zeng, B., Huang, Q., El Saddik, A., Li, H., Jiang, S., Fan, X. (eds) Advances in Multimedia Information Processing – PCM 2017. PCM 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10735. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77380-3_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77380-3_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77379-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77380-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)