Skip to main content

Compilation of Conditional Knowledge Bases for Computing C-Inference Relations

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Foundations of Information and Knowledge Systems (FoIKS 2018)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 10833))

Abstract

A conditional knowledge base \(\mathcal {R}\) contains defeasible rules of the form “If A, then usually B”. For the notion of c-representations, a skeptical inference relation taking all c-representations of \(\mathcal {R}\) into account has been suggested. In this paper, we propose a 3-phase compilation scheme for both knowledge bases and skeptical queries to constraint satisfaction problems. In addition to skeptical c-inference, we show that also credulous and weakly skeptical c-inference can be modelled as a constraint satisfaction problem, and that the compilation scheme can be extended to such queries. For each compilation step, we prove its soundness and completeness, and demonstrate significant efficiency benefits when querying the compiled version of \(\mathcal {R}\). These findings are also supported by experiments with the software system InfOCF that employs the proposed compilation scheme.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Adams, E.: The Logic of Conditionals. D. Reidel, Dordrecht (1975)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Baader, F., Nipkow, T.: Term Rewriting and All That. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1998)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Beierle, C., Eichhorn, C., Kern-Isberner, G.: Skeptical inference based on c-representations and its characterization as a constraint satisfaction problem. In: Gyssens, M., Simari, G. (eds.) FoIKS 2016. LNCS, vol. 9616, pp. 65–82. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30024-5_4

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Beierle, C., Eichhorn, C., Kern-Isberner, G., Kutsch, S.: Skeptical, weakly skeptical, and credulous inference based on preferred ranking functions. In: ECAI-2016, vol. 285, pp. 1149–1157. IOS Press (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Beierle, C., Eichhorn, C., Kutsch, S.: A practical comparison of qualitative inferences with preferred ranking models. KI 31(1), 41–52 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Beierle, C., Kern-Isberner, G., Södler, K.: A declarative approach for computing ordinal conditional functions using constraint logic programming. In: Tompits, H., Abreu, S., Oetsch, J., Pührer, J., Seipel, D., Umeda, M., Wolf, A. (eds.) INAP/WLP -2011. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 7773, pp. 175–192. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41524-1_10

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Beierle, C., Kutsch, S.: Comparison of inference relations defined over different sets of ranking functions. In: Antonucci, A., Cholvy, L., Papini, O. (eds.) ECSQARU 2017. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10369, pp. 225–235. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61581-3_21

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Beierle, C., Kutsch, S.: Regular and sufficient bounds of finite domain constraints for skeptical c-inference. In: Benferhat, S., Tabia, K., Ali, M. (eds.) IEA/AIE 2017. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10350, pp. 477–487. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60042-0_52

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Benferhat, S., Dubois, D., Prade, H.: Possibilistic and standard probabilistic semantics of conditional knowledge bases. J. Log. Comput. 9(6), 873–895 (1999)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Darwiche, A., Marquis, P.: A knowledge compilation map. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 17, 229–264 (2002)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. de Finetti, B.: La prévision, ses lois logiques et ses sources subjectives. Ann. Inst. Henri. Poincaré 7(1), 1–68 (1937). English translation in Kyburg, H., Smokler, H.E. (eds.) Studies in Subjective Probability, pp. 93–158. Wiley, New York (1974)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Dubois, D., Prade, H.: Conditional objects as nonmonotonic consequence relations: main results. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, KR 1994, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 170–177. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Eiter, T., Lukasiewicz, T.: Complexity results for structure-based causality. Artif. Intell. 142(1), 53–89 (2002)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Goldszmidt, M., Pearl, J.: On the Relation Between Rational Closure and System-Z. UCLA, Computer Science Department (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Goldszmidt, M., Pearl, J.: Qualitative probabilities for default reasoning, belief revision, and causal modeling. Artif. Intell. 84(1–2), 57–112 (1996)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Kern-Isberner, G.: Conditionals in Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Belief Revision. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 2087. Springer, Heidelberg (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44600-1

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Kern-Isberner, G.: A thorough axiomatization of a principle of conditional preservation in belief revision. Ann. Math. Artif. Intell. 40(1–2), 127–164 (2004)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  18. Knuth, D.E., Bendix, P.B.: Simple word problems in universal algebra. In: Leech, J. (ed.) Computational Problems in Abstract Algebra, pp. 263–297. Pergamon Press (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lehmann, D.J., Magidor, M.: What does a conditional knowledge base entail? Artif. Intell. 55(1), 1–60 (1992)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  20. Carlsson, M., Ottosson, G., Carlson, B.: An open-ended finite domain constraint solver. In: Glaser, H., Hartel, P., Kuchen, H. (eds.) PLILP 1997. LNCS, vol. 1292, pp. 191–206. Springer, Heidelberg (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0033845

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. Pearl, J.: System Z: a natural ordering of defaults with tractable applications to nonmonotonic reasoning. In: Parikh, R. (ed.) Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge, TARK 1990, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 121–135. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Sperner, E.: Ein Satz über Untermengen einer endlichen Menge. Math. Z. 27(1), 544–548 (1928)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  23. Spohn, W.: Ordinal conditional functions: a dynamic theory of epistemic states. In: Harper, W., Skyrms, B. (eds.) Causation in Decision, Belief Change, and Statistics, II, pp. 105–134. Kluwer Academic Publishers (1988)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by DFG Grant BE 1700/9-1 of Prof. Dr. Christoph Beierle as part of the priority program “Intentional Forgetting in Organizations” (SPP 1921). Kai Sauerwald is supported by this Grant. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable hints and comments that helped us to improve the paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Steven Kutsch .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Beierle, C., Kutsch, S., Sauerwald, K. (2018). Compilation of Conditional Knowledge Bases for Computing C-Inference Relations. In: Ferrarotti, F., Woltran, S. (eds) Foundations of Information and Knowledge Systems. FoIKS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10833. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90050-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90050-6_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90049-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90050-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics