Skip to main content

From Soft Agents to Soft Component Automata and Back

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 425 Accesses

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNPSE,volume 10865))

Abstract

Rewriting Logic and Automata are complimentary approaches for developing executable models of concurrent/distributed systems that can be analyzed by prototyping, and multiple methods of model-checking. A joint project between my group at SRI and Farhad’s group at CWI is developing formal methods to diagnose the cause of undesired behavior of autonomous (cyber physical) systems operating in unpredictable environments. CWI is working on theory development based on automata, exploring composition mechanisms in multiple dimensions, and developing logic that supports reasoning about compositionality. The SRI work is based on rewriting logic and is focused on methods for system specification and model-checking in the context of faults and environmental threats. The two approaches share a common feature, namely the assignment of preferences to possible actions to model locally robust adaptive behavior. Preferences are elements of constraint semirings (soft constraints), structures that provide operations for comparison and composition.

In this paper we explore the similarities, differences and synergies highlighting the insights that arise by pursuing complimentary approaches.

The work was partially supported by ONR grant N00014-15-1-2202.

This paper is dedicated to Farhad on the occasion of his retirement from CWI. Farhad is both a colleague and a friend. The paper is a start towards realizing the potential synergy between Reo and Maude that underlies much of our collaboration. Here’s to the beginning of a new phase in a research agenda full of exciting ideas, and also an opportunity to explore new ideas and passions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Recall that, in \(\mathbb {W}\), higher values reflect a lower preference (a higher weight); thus, \(\mathsf {charge}\) is preferred over \(\mathsf {discharge}_1\).

  2. 2.

    , are lifted pointwise to action sequences.

  3. 3.

    We chose this minimal rule set to reduce the search space by minimizing interleaving that is not important for the properties of interest.

  4. 4.

    The patrol bot case study is based on an unpublished case study consisting of a Maude specification of the SA framework and modules specifying patrol bots that are used by the project to test ideas.

References

  1. Arbab, F., Mavaddat, F.: Coordination through channel composition. In: Arbab, F., Talcott, C. (eds.) COORDINATION 2002. LNCS, vol. 2315, pp. 22–39. Springer, Heidelberg (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46000-4_6

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Arbab, F., Santini, F.: Preference and similarity-based behavioral discovery of services. In: ter Beek, M.H., Lohmann, N. (eds.) WS-FM 2012. LNCS, vol. 7843, pp. 118–133. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38230-7_8

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Bae, K., Meseguer, J.: The linear temporal logic of rewriting Maude model checker. In: Ölveczky, P.C. (ed.) WRLA 2010. LNCS, vol. 6381, pp. 208–225. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16310-4_14

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Bistarelli, S.: Semirings for Soft Constraint Solving and Programming. LNCS, vol. 2962. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/b95712

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Bistarelli, S., Martinelli, F., Matteucci, I., Santini, F.: A formal and run-time framework for the adaptation of local behaviours to match a global property. In: Kouchnarenko, O., Khosravi, R. (eds.) FACS 2016. LNCS, vol. 10231, pp. 134–152. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57666-4_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Bistarelli, S., Montanari, U., Rossi, F.: Constraint solving over semirings. In: Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pp. 624–630 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bistarelli, S., Montanari, U., Rossi, F.: Semiring-based constraint satisfaction and optimization. J. ACM 44(2), 201–236 (1997)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Why BNSF railway is using drones to inspect thousands of miles of rail lines. http://fortune.com/2015/05/29/bnsf-drone-program/. Accessed 11 Mar 2016

  9. Choi, J.S., McCarthy, T., Yadav, M., Kim, M., Talcott, C., Gressier-Soudan, E.: Application patterns for cyber-physical systems. In: IEEE 1st International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, Networks, and Applications, pp. 52–59 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Choi, J.-S., McCarthy, T., Kim, M., Stehr, M.-O.: Adaptive wireless networks as an example of declarative fractionated systems. In: Stojmenovic, I., Cheng, Z., Guo, S. (eds.) MindCare 2014. LNICST, vol. 131, pp. 549–563. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11569-6_43

    Google Scholar 

  11. Clavel, M., Durán, F., Eker, S., Lincoln, P., Martí-Oliet, N., Meseguer, J., Talcott, C.: All About Maude: A High-Performance Logical Framework. LNCS, vol. 4350. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71999-1

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Das, J., Cross, G., Qu, C., Makineni, A., Tokekar, P., Mulgaonkar, Y., Kumar, V.: Devices, systems, and methods for automated monitoring enabling precision agriculture. In: IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Debouk, R., Lafortune, S., Teneketzis, D.: Coordinated decentralized protocols for failure diagnosis of discrete event systems. Discret. Event Dyn. Syst. 10(1–2), 33–86 (2000)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Autonomous Taxi Drones. https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2017/02/14/dubai-autonomous-taxi-drones-ehang/#54543d934702. Accessed 11 Mar 2017

  15. Gadducci, F., Hölzl, M., Monreale, G.V., Wirsing, M.: Soft constraints for lexicographic orders. In: Castro, F., Gelbukh, A., González, M. (eds.) MICAI 2013. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 8265, pp. 68–79. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45114-0_6

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. Goessler, G., Astefanoaei, L.: Blaming in component-based real-time systems. In: International Conference on Embedded Software, EMSOFT 2014, pp. 7:1–7:10 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gössler, G., Stefani, J.-B.: Fault ascription in concurrent systems. In: Ganty, P., Loreti, M. (eds.) TGC 2015. LNCS, vol. 9533, pp. 79–94. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28766-9_6

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Hölzl, M., Meier, M., Wirsing, M.: Which soft constraints do you prefer? In: Seventh International Workshop on Rewriting Logic and Its Applications (WRLA’2008). Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. Elsevier (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hölzl, M., Wirsing, M.: Towards a system model for ensembles. In: Agha, G., Danvy, O., Meseguer, J. (eds.) Formal Modeling: Actors, Open Systems, Biological Systems. LNCS, vol. 7000, pp. 241–261. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24933-4_12

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Hölzl, M.M., Meier, M., Wirsing, M.: Which soft constraints do you prefer? Electr. Notes Theoret. Comput. Sci. 238(3), 189–205 (2009)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Jongmans, S.T., Kappé, T., Arbab, F.: Constraint automata with memory cells and their composition. Sci. Comput. Program. 146, 50–86 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kappé, T., Arbab, F., Talcott, C.L.: A compositional framework for preference-aware agents. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Verification and Validation of Cyber-Physical Systems (V2CPS), pp. 21–35 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kappé, T., Arbab, F., Talcott, C.: A component-oriented framework for autonomous agents. In: Proença, J., Lumpe, M. (eds.) FACS 2017. LNCS, vol. 10487, pp. 20–38. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68034-7_2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  24. Kernbach, S., Schmickl, T., Timmis, J.: Collective adaptive systems: challenges beyond evolvability. In: Fundamentals of Collective Adaptive Systems. European Commission (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kim, M., Stehr, M.-O., Talcott, C.: A distributed logic for networked cyber-physical systems. In: Arbab, F., Sirjani, M. (eds.) FSEN 2011. LNCS, vol. 7141, pp. 190–205. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29320-7_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  26. Kim, M., Stehr, M.O., Talcott, C.L.: A distributed logic for networked cyber-physical systems. Sci. Comput. Program. 78(12), 2453–2467 (2013)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Vijay Kumar Lab. http://www.kumarrobotics.org/. Accessed 11 Mar 2016

  28. Robots that Fly and Cooperate (2015). TED talk: https://www.ted.com/talks/vijay_kumar_robots_that_fly_and_cooperate?language=en. Accessed 07 Mar 2016

  29. Liquid Robotics. http://liquidr.com. Accessed 11 Mar 2016

  30. Loreti, M., Hillston, J.: Modelling and analysis of collective adaptive systems with CARMA and its tools. In: Bernardo, M., De Nicola, R., Hillston, J. (eds.) SFM 2016. LNCS, vol. 9700, pp. 83–119. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34096-8_4

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mason, I.A., Talcott, C.L.: IOP: the InterOperability platform & IMaude: an interactive extension of Maude. In: Fifth International Workshop on Rewriting Logic and Its Applications (WRLA’2004). Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. Elsevier (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  32. The Maude System. http://maude.cs.uiuc.edu. Accessed 15 Nov 2014

  33. Meseguer, J.: Conditional rewriting logic as a unified model of concurrency. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 96(1), 73–155 (1992)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  34. Neidig, J., Lunze, J.: Decentralised diagnosis of automata networks. In: IFAC Proceedings, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 400–405 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ölveczky, P.C., Meseguer, J.: Semantics and pragmatics of real-time Maude. High.-Order Symb. Comput. 20(1–2), 161–196 (2007)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  36. Invetory Robotics. http://www.pinc.com/inventory-robotics-cycle-counting-drones. Accessed 11 Apr 2017

  37. Sampath, M., Sengupta, R., Lafortune, S., Sinnamohideen, K., Teneketzis, D.: Failure diagnosis using discrete-event models. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 4(2), 105–124 (1996)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  38. Stehr, M.-O., Kim, M., Talcott, C.: Partially ordered knowledge sharing and fractionated systems in the context of other models for distributed computing. In: Iida, S., Meseguer, J., Ogata, K. (eds.) Specification, Algebra, and Software. LNCS, vol. 8373, pp. 402–433. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54624-2_20

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  39. Stehr, M.-O., Talcott, C., Rushby, J., Lincoln, P., Kim, M., Cheung, S., Poggio, A.: Fractionated software for networked cyber-physical systems: research directions and long-term vision. In: Agha, G., Danvy, O., Meseguer, J. (eds.) Formal Modeling: Actors, Open Systems, Biological Systems. LNCS, vol. 7000, pp. 110–143. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24933-4_7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  40. Talcott, C., Arbab, F., Yadav, M.: Soft agents: exploring soft constraints to model robust adaptive distributed cyber-physical agent systems. In: De Nicola, R., Hennicker, R. (eds.) Software, Services, and Systems. LNCS, vol. 8950, pp. 273–290. Springer, Cham (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15545-6_18

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  41. Talcott, C., Nigam, V., Arbab, F., Kappé, T.: Formal specification and analysis of robust adaptive distributed cyber-physical systems. In: Bernardo, M., De Nicola, R., Hillston, J. (eds.) SFM 2016. LNCS, vol. 9700, pp. 1–35. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34096-8_1

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carolyn Talcott .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Talcott, C. (2018). From Soft Agents to Soft Component Automata and Back. In: de Boer, F., Bonsangue, M., Rutten, J. (eds) It's All About Coordination. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10865. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90089-6_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90089-6_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90088-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90089-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics