Stop Words Are Not “Nothing”: German Modal Particles and Public Engagement in Social Media

Abstract

Social media research often exploits metrics based on frequency counts, e.g., to determine corpus sentiment. Hampton and Shalin [1] introduced an alternative metric examining the style and structure of social media relative to an Internet language baseline. They demonstrated statistically significant differences in lexical choice from tweets collected in a disaster setting relative to the standard. One explanation of this finding is that the Twitter platform, irrespective of disaster setting, and/or specifics of the English language, is responsible for the observed differences . In this paper, we apply the same metric to German corpora, to compare an event-based (the recent election) with a “nothing” crawl, with respect to the use of German modal particles. German modal particles are often used in spoken language and typically regarded as stop words in text mining. This word class is likely to reflect public engagement because of its properties, such as indicating common ground, or reference to previous utterances (i.e. anaphora) [2, 3]. We demonstrate a positive deviation of most modal particles for all corpora relative to general Internet language, consistent with the view that Twitter constitutes a form of conversation. However, the use of modal particles also generally increased in the three corpora related to the 2017 German election relative to the “nothing” corpus. This indicates topic influence beyond platform affordances and supports an interpretation of the German election data as an engaged, collective narrative response to events. Using commonly eliminated features, our finding supports and extends Hampton and Shalin’s analysis that relied on pre-selected antonyms and suggests an alternative method to frequency counts to identify corpora that differ in public engagement.