Abstract
The development of binocular vision encompasses the formation of binocular receptive fields tuned to different disparities and the calibration of accurate vergence eye movements. Experiments have shown that this development is impaired when the animal is exposed to certain abnormal rearing conditions such as growing up in an environment that is deprived of horizontal or vertical edges. Here we test the effect of abnormal rearing conditions on a recently proposed computational model of binocular development. The model is formulated in the Active Efficient Coding framework, a generalization of classic efficient coding ideas to active perception. We show that abnormal rearing conditions lead to differences in the model’s development that qualitatively match those seen in animal experiments. Furthermore, the model predicts systematic changes in vergence accuracy due to abnormal rearing. We discuss implications of the model for the treatment of developmental disorders of binocular vision such as amblyopia and strabismus.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Barlow, H.B.: Possible principles underlying the transformations of sensory messages. Sensory Communication (1961)
Olshausen, B.A., Field, D.J.: Sparse coding with an overcomplete basis set: A strategy employed by v1? Vision. Res. 37(23), 3311–3325 (1997)
Zhao, Y., Rothkopf, C.A., Triesch, J., Shi, B.E.: A unified model of the joint development of disparity selectivity and vergence control. In: IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL), pp. 1–6 (2012)
Teulière, C., Forestier, S., Lonini, L., Zhang, C., Zhao, Y., Shi, B.E., Triesch, J.: Self-calibrating smooth pursuit through active efficient coding. Robot. Auton. Syst. 71, 3–12 (2015)
Lonini, L., Zhao, Y., Chandrashekhariah, P., Shi, B.E., Triesch, J.: Autonomous learning of active multi-scale binocular vision. In: IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL), pp. 1–6 (2013)
Zhang, C., Triesch, J., Shi, B.E.: An active-efficient-coding model of optokinetic nystagmus. J. Vision 16(14), 10–10 (2016)
Triesch, J., Eckmann, S., Shi, B.E.: A computational model for the joint development of accommodation and vergence control. J. Vision 17(10), 162–162 (2017)
Vikram, T., Teulière, C., Zhang, C., Shi, B.E., Triesch, J.: Autonomous learning of smooth pursuit and vergence through active efficient coding. In: IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL) (2014)
Chandrapala, T.N., Shi, B.E., Triesch, J.: On the utility of sparse neural representations in adaptive behaving agents. In: International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) (2015)
Lonini, L., Forestier, S., Teulière, C., Zhao, Y., Shi, B.E., Triesch, J.: Robust active binocular vision through intrinsically motivated learning. Front. Neurorobotics 7, 20–20 (2013)
Freeman, R., Pettigrew, J.: Alteration of visual cortex from environmental asymmetries. J. Nature 246, 359–360 (1973)
Tanaka, S., Ribot, J., Imamura, K., Tani, T.: Orientation-restricted continuous visual exposure induces marked reorganization of orientation maps in early life. Neuroimage 30, 462477 (2006)
Tanaka, S., Tani, T., Ribot, J., OHashi, K., Imamura, K.: A postnatal critical period for orientation plasticity in the cat visual cortex. PLoS ONE 4, e5380 (2009)
Hirsch, H.V.B., Spinelli, D.N.: Visual experience modifies distribution of horizontally and vertically oriented receptive fields in cats. Science 168, 869–871 (1970)
Wiesel, T.N., Hubel, D.H.: Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 10031017 (1963)
Hunt, J.J., Dayan, P., Goodhill, G.J.: Sparse coding can predict primary visual cortex receptive field changes induced by abnormal visual input. PLoS Comput. Biol. 9(5), e1003005 (2013)
Klimmasch, L., Lelais, A., Lichtenstein, A., Shi, B.E., Triesch, J.: Learning of active binocular vision in a biomechanical model of the oculomotor system. bioRxiv 160721 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1101/160721
Priamikov, A., Fronius, M., Shi, B.E., Triesch, J.: OpenEyeSim: a biomechanical model for simulation of closed-loop visual perception. J. Vision 16(15), 25–25 (2016)
Olmos, A., Kingdom, F.A.: A biologically inspired algorithm for the recovery of shading and reflectance images. Perception 33(12), 1463–1473 (2004)
Mallat, S.G., Zhang, Z.: Matching pursuits with time-frequency dictionaries. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 41, 3397–3415 (1993)
Albert, M.V., Schnabel, A., Field, D.J.: Innate visual learning through spontaneous activity patterns. PLoS Comput. Biol. 4(8), e1000137 (2008)
Sutton, R.S., Barto, A.G.: Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. MIT Press, Cambridge (1998)
Dayan, P., Abbott, L.F.: Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems. MIT Press, Cambridge (2005)
Van Hasselt, H., Wiering, M.A.: Reinforcement learning in continuous action spaces. In: IEEE International Symposium on Approximate Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning, pp. 272–279 (2007)
Chandrapala, T.N., Shi, B.E., Triesch, J.: Active maintenance of binocular correspondence leads to orientation alignment of visual receptive fields. In: Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL), pp. 98–103 (2015)
Appelle, S.: Perception and discrimination as a function of stimulus orientation: the “oblique effect” in man and animals. Psychol. Bull. 78(4), 266–278 (1972)
Priamikov, A., Narayan, V., Shi, B.E., Triesch, J.: The role of contrast sensitivity in the development of binocular vision: A computational study. In: Joint IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL), pp. 33–38 (2015)
Leventhal, A.G., Hirsch, H.V.: Cortical effect of early selective exposure to diagonal lines. Science 190(4217), S.902–S.904 (1975)
Stryker, M.P., Sherk, H., Leventhal, A.G., Hirsch, H.V.: Physiological consequences for the cat’s visual cortex of effectively restricting early visual experience with oriented contours. J. Neurophysiology 41(4), 896–909 (1978)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research under Grants 01GQ1414 and 01EW1603A, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Grant 713010, the Hong Kong Research Grants Council under Grant 16244416, and the Quandt Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Klimmasch, L., Schneider, J., Lelais, A., Shi, B.E., Triesch, J. (2018). An Active Efficient Coding Model of Binocular Vision Development Under Normal and Abnormal Rearing Conditions. In: Manoonpong, P., Larsen, J., Xiong, X., Hallam, J., Triesch, J. (eds) From Animals to Animats 15. SAB 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10994. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97628-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97628-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97627-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97628-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)