Abstract
We analyze three different data hiding methods from a game-theoretic point of view, using the probability of bit error as the payoff. Those data hiding schemes can be regarded to as representatives of three families of methods: spread-spectrum, informed-embedding and hybrid. In all cases, we have obtained theoretical expressions for the BER which are then optimized to derive the strategies for both the attacker and the decoder, assuming that the embedder simply follows point-by-point constraints given by the perceptual mask. Experimental results supporting our analyses are also shown, with examples of watermarking in the spatial domain as well as the DCT domain.
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© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Comesaña, P., Pérez-González, F., Balado, F. (2004). Optimal Data-Hiding Strategies for Games with BER Payoffs. In: Kalker, T., Cox, I., Ro, Y.M. (eds) Digital Watermarking. IWDW 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2939. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24624-4_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24624-4_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
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