Abstract
According to the Red Queen hypothesis, an evolving population may be improving some trait, even though its fitness remains constant. We have created such a scenario with a population of coevolving plants. Plants are modeled using Lindenmayer systems and rendered with OpenGL. The plants consist of branches and leaves. Their reproductive success depends on their ability to catch sunlight as well as their structural complexity. All plants are evaluated inside the same environment, which means that one plant is able to cover other plants leaves. Leaves which are placed in the shadow of other plants do not catch any sunlight. The shape of the plant also determines the area where offspring can be placed. Offspring can only be placed in the vicinity of a plant. A number of experiments were performed in different environments. The Red Queen effect was seen in all cases.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Beneš, B.: An efficient estimation of light in simulation of plant development. In: Boulic, R., Hegron, G. (eds.) Computer Animation and Simulation 1996, pp. 153–165. Springer, Berlin (1996)
Dawkins, R., Krebs, J.R.: Arms races between and within species. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 205, 489–511 (1979)
Deussen, O., Hanrahan, P., Lintermann, B., Měch, R., Pharr, M., Prusinkiewicz, P.: Realistic modeling and rendering of plant ecosystems. In: SIGGRAPH 1998 Conf. Proceedings, Comp. Graphics, Orlando, FL, pp. 275–286. ACM Press, New York (1998)
Ebner, M., Grigore, A., Heffner, A., Albert, J.: Coevolution produces an arms race among virtual plants. In: Foster, J.A., Lutton, E., Miller, J., Ryan, C., Tettamanzi, A.G.B. (eds.) EuroGP 2002. LNCS, vol. 2278, p. 316. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Jacob, C.: Genetic L-system programming. In: Davudor, Y., Schwefel, H.-P., Männer, R. (eds.) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN III. The Third Int. Conf. on Evolutionary Computation, Jerusalem, Israel, pp. 334–343. Springer, Berlin (1994)
Jacob, C.: Evolution programs evolved. In: Voigt, H.-M., Ebeling, W., Rechenberg, I., Schwefel, H.-P. (eds.) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN IV. The Fourth Int. Conf. on Evolutionary Computation, Berlin, Germany, pp. 42–51. Springer, Berlin (1996)
Jacob, C.: Evolving evolution programs: Genetic programming and L-systems. In: Koza, J.R., Goldberg, D.E., Fogel, D.B., Riolo, R.L. (eds.) Proc. of the First Annual Conf. on Genetic Programming, pp. 107–115. The MIT Press, Cambridge (1996)
Jacob, C.: Evolution and coevolution of developmental programs. Computer Physics Communications, 46–50 (1999)
Jacob, C.: Illustrating Evolutionary Computation with Mathematica. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco (2001)
Kim, J.T.: Lindevol: Artificial models for natural plant evolution. Künstliche Intelligenz 1, 26–32 (2000)
Kókai, G., Tóth, Z., Vänyi, R.: Application of genetic algorithms with more populations for Lindenmayer systems. In: Alpaydin, E., Fyfe, C. (eds.) Int. ICSC Symposium on Engineering of Int. Systems EIS 1998, Tenerife, Spain. University of La Laguna, pp. 324–331. ICSC Academic Press, Canada (1998)
Kókai, G., Tóth, Z., Ványi, R.: Evolving artificial trees described by parametric L-systems. In: Proc. of the 1999 IEEE Canadian Conf. on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Shaw Conference Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 1722–1727. IEEE Press, Los Alamitos (1999)
Koza, J.R.: Genetic Programming. In: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection. The MIT Press, Cambridge (1992)
Koza, J.R.: Genetic Programming II. In: Automatic Discovery of Reusable Programs. The MIT Press, Cambridge (1994)
Mock, K.J.: Wildwood: The evolution of L-system plants for virtual environments. In: Int. Conf. on Evolutionary Computation, Anchorage, Alaska, pp. 476–480 (1998)
Niklas, K.J.: Computer-simulated plant evolution. Scientific American 254(3), 68–75 (1986)
Ochoa, G.: On genetic algorithms and Lindenmayer systems. In: Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN V, pp. 335–344. Springer, Berlin (1998)
Perlin, K.: Noise, hypertexture, antialiasing and gesture. In: Ebert, D.S., Musgrave, F.K., Peachey, D., Perlin, K., Worley, S. (eds.) Texturing and Modeling: A Procedural Approach, 2nd edn., pp. 209–274. AP Professional, Cambridge (1998)
Prusinkiewicz, P., Lindenmayer, A.: The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants. Springer, New York (1990)
Van Valen, L.: A new evolutionary law. Evolutionary Theory 1, 1–30 (1973)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ebner, M. (2003). Evolution and Growth of Virtual Plants. In: Banzhaf, W., Ziegler, J., Christaller, T., Dittrich, P., Kim, J.T. (eds) Advances in Artificial Life. ECAL 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 2801. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39432-7_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39432-7_25
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-20057-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-39432-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive