Skip to main content

Interactive Narratives: Exploring the Links between Empathy, Interactivity and Structure

  • Conference paper
Changing Television Environments (EuroITV 2008)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 5066))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Interactive narratives have long been advocated as having the potential to create more immersive and transformative experiences for audiences by adding the pleasure of agency. In practice, however, finding the balance between sufficient interactivity for agency and narrative structure has been difficult. This paper proposed a model of interactive narrative, which encased interactivity within a strong narrative structure, as the best model to increase audience entertainment. In order to test the hypothesis that such a model would out perform its linear counterpart in terms of audience entertainment- two separate audience studies were conducted. The first study tested an interactive drama for television and the second study tested two interactive narrative based advertisements. When anaylsing the two studies there was a surprising result- in each case audience empathy was consistently and significantly increased by the addition of interactivity. This discovery suggests links between empathy and interactivity, and has exciting implications about the role of empathic stress and structure in the creation of future models of interactive narratives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aarseth, E.: Genre Trouble: Narrativism and the Art of Simulation. In: Wardrip-Fruin, N., Harrigan, P. (eds.) First Person. MIT Press, Massachusetts (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Escalas, J., Stern, B.: Sympathy and Empathy: Emotional Responses to Advertising Dramas. Journal of Communication Research 29 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Gardner, M.P.: Does Attitude toward the Ad Affect Brand Attitude under a Brand Evaluation Set? Journal of Marketing Research 22(2), 192–198 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Green, M., Brock, T., Kaufman, G.: Understanding Media Enjoyment: The Role of Transportation into Narrative Worlds. Communication Theory 14(4) (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Green, M., Garst, J., Brock, T.: The Power of Fiction: Determinants and Boundaries. In: Shrum, d.L.J. (ed.) The Psychology of Entertainment Media: Blurring the Lines Between Entertainment and Persuasion. Lawrence Erlbraum Associates, New Jersey (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Keller, P., Block, L.: Vividness Effects: A Resource-Matching Perspective. JCR 24(December), 295–304 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Garrand, T.: Scripting narrative for interactive multimedia. Journal of Film and Video 49(1/2) (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Hand, S., Varan, D.: Exploring the Effects of Interactivity in Television Drama. In: Cesar, et al. (eds.) Interactive TV: A Shared Experience. Springer, Berlin (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Laurel, B.: Response by Brenda Laurel. In: Wardrip-Fruin, N., Harrigan, P. (eds.) First Person- New Media as Story, Performance, and Game, MIT Press, USA (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lugmayr, A., Niiranen, S., Kalli, S.: Digital Interactive TV and Metadata. Springer, Berlin (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mahoney, D.: Interactive Fiction. Computer Graphics World. PennWell Publishing Co. 24(2) (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Meadows, S.: Pause & Effect: the art of interactive narrative. New Riders, Indiana, USA (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mittal, B.: A Comparative Analysis of Four Scales of Consumer Involvement. Psychology & Marketing 12(7), 663–682 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Mudorf, N., Laird, K.: Social and Psychological Effects of Information Technologies and Other Interactive Media. In: Bryant, J., Zillman, D. (eds.) Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Murray, J.: Hamlet on the Holodeck- The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. MIT Press, USA (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Murray: From Game-Story to Cyberdrama. In: Wardrip-Fruin, N., Harrigan, P. (eds.) First Person. MIT Press, Massachusetts (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Oatley, K.: Emotions and the Story Worlds of Fiction. In: Green, M.C., Strange, J.J., Brock, T.C. (eds.) Narrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations. Lawrence Erlbraum Associates, New Jersey (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Onega, S., Landa, J. (eds.): Narratology: An Introduction. Langman, London (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Perrien, J., Dussart, C., Paul, F.: Advertisers and the Factual Content of Advertising. Journal of Advertising 14(1), 30–35 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rossiter, J.R., Percy, L.: Advertising Communications and Promotion Management, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Spero, I., Stone, M.: Agents of Change: How young consumers are changing the world of marketing. Qualitative Market Research 7(2) (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Taeyong, K., Biocca, F.: Telepresence via Television: Two Dimensions of Telepresence may have different connections to memory and persuasion. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3(2) (1997) (accessed 25/09/2006), http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/kim.html

  23. Vorderer, P.: Entertainment Theory. In: Bryant, J., Roskos-Ewoldsen, D., Cantor, J. (eds.) Communication and Emotion: Essays in Honor of Dolf Zimmerman, Lawrence Erlbraum Associates, New Jersey (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Vorderer, P., Knoblach, S., Schramm, H.: Does Entertainment Suffer From Interactivity? The Impact of Watching an Interactive TV Movie on Viewers’ Experience of Entertainment. Media Psychology 3, 343–363 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Wand, E.: Interactive Storytelling: The Renaissance of Narration. In: Rieser, M., Zapp, A. (eds.) New Screen Media- Cinema/Art/Narrative, British Film Institute, London (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Zaichowsky, J.L.: Measuring the Involvement Construct. Journal of Consumer Research 12(3), 341–352 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zillman, D.: Empathy: Affective Reactivity to Others’ Emotional Experiences. In: Bryant, J., Vorderer, P. (eds.) Psychology of Entertainment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah (2006)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Manfred Tscheligi Marianna Obrist Artur Lugmayr

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Hand, S., Varan, D. (2008). Interactive Narratives: Exploring the Links between Empathy, Interactivity and Structure. In: Tscheligi, M., Obrist, M., Lugmayr, A. (eds) Changing Television Environments. EuroITV 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5066. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69478-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69478-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-69477-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-69478-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics