The Casimir effect is a force associated with the ►zero-point energy of a field. The effect originally considered by Hendrik B. G. Casimir (1909–2000) is the attraction between two uncharged, perfectly conducting plates (Fig. 1). According to quantum theory, there is energy in the electromagnetic field even at the absolute zero of temperature. For a field of frequency ν, this energy is ½hν, identical to the zero-point energy of a harmonic oscillator having the same frequency. The total zero-point energy is then ½h times the sum over all the field frequencies, these being determined by Maxwell’s equations and the boundary conditions. In the example of Fig. 1, Maxwell’s equations allow field modes of arbitrarily large frequency both between the plates and outside them, and therefore the zero-point field energy is infinite when the plates are separated by a finite distance d as well as when they are infinitely far apart. However, the difference in zero-point energy for the two cases is finite, and its dependence on the plate separation d implies a force F = − πhc/480d 4 per unit area.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Primary Literature
Casimir, H. B. G.: On the attraction between two perfectly conducting plates. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. 51, 793 (1948)
Secondary Literature
Sparnaay, M. J.: Measurement of attractive forces between flat plates. Physica 24, 751 (1958)
Van Blokland, P. H. G. M., J. T. G. Overbeek: Van der Waals forces between objects covered with a chromium layer. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 74, 2637 (1978)
Milonni, P. W.: The Quantum Vacuum: An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics. San Diego: Academic (1994)
Mostepanenko, V. M., N. N. Trunov: The Casimir Effect and its Applications. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1997)
Lamoreaux, S. K.: Demonstration of the Casimir force in the 0.6 to 6 mm range. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 5 (1997)
Bordag, M., U. Mohideen, V. M. Mostepanenko: New developments in the Casimir effect. Phys. Rep. 353, 1 (2001)
Milton, K. A.: The Casimir Effect. Physical Manifestations of Zero-Point Energy. Singapore: World Scientific (2001)
Chan, H. B., V. A. Aksyuk, R. N. Kleiman, D. J. Bishop, F. Capasso: Quantum mechanical actuation of microelectromechanical systems by the Casimir force. Science 291, 1941 (2001)
Chen, F., U. Mohideen, G. L. Klimchitskaya, V. M. Mostepanenko: Demonstration of the lateral Casimir force. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 101801–1 (2002)
Lamoreaux, S. K.: The Casimir force: background, experiments, applications. Rep. Prog. Phys. 68, 201 (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Milonni, P., Mohideen, U. (2009). Casimir Effect. In: Greenberger, D., Hentschel, K., Weinert, F. (eds) Compendium of Quantum Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-70622-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-70626-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)